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Download 1- The components of the compounding words.
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Compounding in English 1- The components of the compounding words. The first element of a compound can be: a- a noun, e.g. armchair b- an adjective, e.g. blackboard c- a verb, e.g. drawback d- a pronoun, e.g. he goat The second element of a compounding noun can be: a- a noun, e.g. goldsmith b- a pronoun, e.g. overall c- a verb or verb stem, e.g. smash-and-grab, chimney-sweep d- an adverb, e.g. passer-by, fly-over Compound Nouns Noun + Noun : manservant , woman doctor Subject + Verb = sunrise , daybreak Verb + Object = pick-pocket Verb + Verb = make-believe Adjective + noun = fast-food , software Phrase compound = son-in-law Subject + object = car cable , chairperson Subject + complement = blackboard , ashtray Compound Verbs Noun + verb = sky-dive , carbon-copy Verb + verb = freeze-dry Particle + verb = overlook , Adjective + noun = badmouth Noun + noun = breath-test Adverb + verb = downsize , upgrade Adjective + verb = white-wash , blacklist Compound Adjectives Verb +object = life-giving , man-eating Verb + adverbial = airborne , far-fetched verbless = age-old Adjective + adjective = bitter-sweet, open-ended Compound Adverbs: off-hand, over-night There is a syntactic relation between the two elements a. Syntactic word group relations, e.g. part of speech sonin-low, good- for nothing. b. co-ordination, e.g. bread-and-butter, gin-and-tonic. c. Verb and object, e.g. cease-fire. d. adjective and noun, e.g. blackbird, bluebell. e. Adverb and verb, e.g. downpour, outlay. f. Adverb and noun, e.g. outpost. g. The first element may denote the subject daybreak. h. the first element denote the object, e.g. bloodshed. Semantic relationship between the two elements of compound word a. The first element denotes place or time, e.g. headache place nightclub time b. The first element denotes purpose, e.g. teacup, tea bag, water glass c. The first element denotes means or instrument, e.g. handwriting, typewriting d. The first element denotes resemblance, e.g. goldfish e. The first element denotes sex, e.g. manservant, maidservant, lady speaker Types of Compounds Endocentric: The rightmost element of the compound identifies the class that the meaning of the entire word is related to, e.g. dog food , a fireman , fast food , blackboard Exocentric: the meaning of the compound does not come from the meaning of its parts, e.g. redhead, egghead, turncoat Types of Compounds 1- Solid or closed Compounds: two usually moderately short words appear together as one, e.g. housewife, lawsuit, weekend wallpaper, makeup a- Compass directions are closed like: northwest / southeast b-Numbers suffixed with fold are closed as in: ninetyfold / sevenfold / twofold c- preposition+ verb like: underline / outrun d- Adverb+ verb like: update / downsize e- Adjective+ verb as: blacklist / whitewash f- Noun+ verb as: manhandle / sidestep Types of Compounds 2- Hyphenated Compounds: two or more words are connected by a hyphen. Compounds containing affixes such as house-build(er) and single-mind(ed) (ness), adjective-adjective compounds: bitter-sweet, dark-green verb-verb compounds: freeze-dry Compounds containing particles (prepositions or conjunctions): mother-in-law , salt-and-pepper Adjectives preceding nouns like: round-table / four-year child Types of Compounds 3- Open or spaced Compounds involves a newer combination of usually longer words such as: distance learning lawn tennis police station cigarette lighter Arabic Compounds Almurrakab Al-Idafi: المركب اإلضافي The syntactic relation between the components is of the possessive or genitive case, e.g. دودة االرض عجلة القيادة عبدهللا يوم الحساب 2. المركب المزجيfusional compound, e.g. two or more words are fused and become as one حضرموت، بيت لحم 3. المركب االسناديpredicative compound: The syntactic structure is that of predication , e.g (تأبط شراhe has taken evil under his arm) 1. Arabic Compounds 4. الحروف المركبةcompound particles are particles combined with ma which has various meanings ( ربماrubba رب+ ma ) ماperhaps ( حيثماhaythu حيث+ ma ) ماwhenever ريثما، كيفما، لوال، حالما 5. Defective verb compound: They are usually construed with /ma ما/ as their first element. This particle may add the sense of duration or negation to the second element. ما انفك، ما زال، ما برح، ما دام 6. compound numerals from 11 to19 7.Numbers from twenty one to ninety nine Problems That students face in using compounds 1. Putting the incorrect complement to the other part: housewife house women. 2. Difficulty in memorizing the compounds since the compound is a specific concept as a whole and we cannot change its parts. 3. Not putting a hyphen to isolate two words which confuse the meaning: round-table meeting not a round table 4. Changing the parts of compound, e.g. overlook look over Activities for teaching Compounding For each compound word, make three picture cards. One card should include an image of the compound word while the other two cards should include images of the two words that form the compound. For example, use a picture of a tooth and a picture of a brush for the compound word toothbrush. As an activity, hold up the two cards that make up the compound. Have the learners figure out the words and then the compound word. Once the students have figured out the compound, show them the picture of the compound word. This picture card activity also teaches young children that compounds are formed by combining two or more words.