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Introduction to Verbs Chapter 15 Exegetical Insight 1 John 2:1 and 3:6 • 1 John 2:1 Tekni,a mou( tau/ta gra,fw u`mi/n i[na mh. a`ma,rthteÅ kai. eva,n tij a`ma,rth|( para,klhton e;comen pro.j to.n pate,ra VIhsou/n Cristo.n di,kaion\ • 1 John 3:6 pa/j o` evn auvtw/| me,nwn ouvc a`marta,nei\ pa/j o` a`marta,nwn ouvc e`w,raken auvto.n ouvde. e;gnwken auvto,nÅ English Grammar • Verb – a word that describes action or state of being. – I am studying Greek. – Greek is the language of the New Testament. • Person – First (I, we) – Second (you) – Third (he, she, it, they) • Number – either singular or plural – I am the teacher. – You are the students. • Agreement – A verb must agree with its subject in person and number. • Time – when the action takes place (past, present, future) English Grammar • Tense – In English, tense refers to both the time of the action and the form of the word. – I study – present tense – I will study – future tense – I studied – past tense Note: the time of the verb is from the standpoint of the speaker/writer, not the reader. • Aspect: What is the difference between: – I studied last night. – I was studying last night. – The difference is in the kind of action: completed versus continuous. English Grammar • Aspect and time present past future completed I study I studied I will study continuous I am studying I was studying I will be studying English Grammar • Voice – refers to the relationship between the subject and the verb. – Active – the subject does the action of the verb. • Bill hit the ball. – Passive – the subject receives the action of the verb. • Bill was hit by the ball. Greek Verbs Tenses Present Aorist Future Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect Greek Verbs- tenses Present Shows action in present time Greek Verbs- tenses Future Shows action of the verb as defined in the future. Greek Verbs- tenses Aorist Simple, undefined action. Greek Verbs- tenses Imperfect Continuous or linear action in past time. Greek Verbs- tenses Perfect The action was completed in the past, but has lasting and continuing results into the future. Greek Verbs- tenses Pluperfect The action was completed in the past, with continuing results in the past. Greek Verbs- Moods Indicative Imperative Subjunctive Optative Participle* Infinitive Greek Verbs- Moods Indicative Makes an assertion of fact Greek Verbs- Moods Imperative A command to do something. Greek Verbs- Moods Subjunctive Makes an assertion about which there is some doubt, uncertainty, or indefiniteness Greek Verbs- Moods Optative Usually expresses a wish or desire. Greek Verbs- Moods Participle* A verbal adjective Greek Verbs- Moods Infinitive* A verbal noun Greek Verbs- Voices Active Passive Middle Greek Verbs- Voices Active Action was completed by the subject of the verb. Greek Verbs- Voices Passive The subject receives the action of the verb. Greek Verbs- Voices Middle The subject acts in some way upon itself or to itself. Present Active Indicative Present tense stem + Connecting Vowel + Primary active personal endings lu + o + men = luvomen Greek Verbs- Charts • Stem: This is the part of the verb that carries the basic meaning. • Connecting vowel: Greek verbs sometimes need a vowel after the stem to aid in the pronunciation of the word. • Personal endings: Suffixes added to the end of the verb indicating person and number Keep Parsing of Nouns and Verbs Straight • Verbs do not have case or gender; nouns do not have person. • Nouns – Case, gender, number • Verbs – Tense, voice, mood, person and number Greek Verbs- Charts • Our first set of endings and the primary active endings are as follows: 1s-w 2s-eiV 3s-ei 1p-omen 2p-ete 3p-ousi(n) Greek Verbs- Charts •Parsing: the breaking down of the verb and denoting of: person, number, tense, voice, mood, lexical form, and definition of inflected form. •Lexical form: For verbs, this will be the 1st person singular, present indicative. Paradigm: Present Active Indicative- luvvw 1sg 2sg 3sg luvw luveiV luvei I am loosing 1pl luvomen 2pl 3pl Tense Present o e e V i we are loosing o men luvete ya’ll are loosing e te luvousi(n) they are loosing o nsi Aug/ Redup You are loosing he/she/it is loosing Tense Stem Present Tense Form. Conn. Vowel o/e Personal Endings Prim act 1st Sing. Paradigm luvw Primary Active ending 1s 2s 3s 1p 2p 3p -w -eiV -ei -omen -ete -ousi(n) Greek Verbs- Tense •Aspect: This can be either continuous or undefined. –Aspect ALWAYS takes precedence over time •Time: Present tense generally indicates an action occurring in the present tense. Verbs & Personal Pronouns • It is not usually necessary to provide the personal pronoun as the subject of a verb because the verb ending indicates the personal pronoun subject of the verb. •Reasons for including the personal pronoun are twofold: –Emphasis. –Gender. Beta th.n fwnh.n auvtou/ avkou,eij You hear its sound Gamma evxousi,an e;cei o` ui`o.j tou/ avnqrw,pou the son of man has authority Delta to. fw/j tou/ ko,smou tou,tou ble,pousin They see the light of the world