Download Class Session 15b

Introduction to Verbs
Chapter 15
Exegetical Insight
1 John 2:1 and 3:6
• 1 John 2:1 Tekni,a mou( tau/ta gra,fw u`mi/n i[na mh.
a`ma,rthteÅ kai. eva,n tij a`ma,rth|( para,klhton e;comen
pro.j to.n pate,ra VIhsou/n Cristo.n di,kaion\
• 1 John 3:6 pa/j o` evn auvtw/| me,nwn ouvc
a`marta,nei\ pa/j o` a`marta,nwn ouvc e`w,raken auvto.n
ouvde. e;gnwken auvto,nÅ
English Grammar
• Verb – a word that describes action or state of being.
– I am studying Greek.
– Greek is the language of the New Testament.
• Person
– First (I, we)
– Second (you)
– Third (he, she, it, they)
• Number – either singular or plural
– I am the teacher.
– You are the students.
• Agreement – A verb must agree with its subject in
person and number.
• Time – when the action takes place (past, present,
future)
English Grammar
• Tense – In English, tense refers to both the time of
the action and the form of the word.
– I study – present tense
– I will study – future tense
– I studied – past tense
Note: the time of the verb is from the standpoint of the
speaker/writer, not the reader.
• Aspect: What is the difference between:
– I studied last night.
– I was studying last night.
– The difference is in the kind of action: completed versus
continuous.
English Grammar
• Aspect and time
present
past
future
completed
I study
I studied
I will study
continuous
I am
studying
I was
studying
I will be
studying
English Grammar
• Voice – refers to the relationship between
the subject and the verb.
– Active – the subject does the action of the
verb.
• Bill hit the ball.
– Passive – the subject receives the action of
the verb.
• Bill was hit by the ball.
Greek Verbs
Tenses
Present
Aorist
Future
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect
Greek Verbs- tenses
Present
Shows action in present time
Greek Verbs- tenses
Future
Shows action of the verb as
defined in the future.
Greek Verbs- tenses
Aorist
Simple, undefined action.
Greek Verbs- tenses
Imperfect
Continuous or linear action
in past time.
Greek Verbs- tenses
Perfect
The action was completed in the
past, but has lasting and
continuing results into the future.
Greek Verbs- tenses
Pluperfect
The action was completed in the
past, with continuing results in the
past.
Greek Verbs- Moods
Indicative
Imperative
Subjunctive
Optative
Participle*
Infinitive
Greek Verbs- Moods
Indicative
Makes an assertion of fact
Greek Verbs- Moods
Imperative
A command to do something.
Greek Verbs- Moods
Subjunctive
Makes an assertion about
which there is some doubt,
uncertainty, or indefiniteness
Greek Verbs- Moods
Optative
Usually expresses a wish or
desire.
Greek Verbs- Moods
Participle*
A verbal adjective
Greek Verbs- Moods
Infinitive*
A verbal noun
Greek Verbs- Voices
Active
Passive
Middle
Greek Verbs- Voices
Active
Action was completed by the
subject of the verb.
Greek Verbs- Voices
Passive
The subject receives the action
of the verb.
Greek Verbs- Voices
Middle
The subject acts in some way
upon itself or to itself.
Present Active Indicative
Present tense stem + Connecting
Vowel + Primary active personal
endings
lu + o + men = luvomen
Greek Verbs- Charts
• Stem: This is the part of the verb
that carries the basic meaning.
• Connecting vowel: Greek verbs
sometimes need a vowel after the
stem to aid in the pronunciation of
the word.
• Personal endings: Suffixes added
to the end of the verb indicating
person and number
Keep Parsing of Nouns and Verbs
Straight
• Verbs do not have case or gender; nouns
do not have person.
• Nouns
– Case, gender, number
• Verbs
– Tense, voice, mood, person and number
Greek Verbs- Charts
• Our first set of endings and the primary
active endings are as follows:
1s-w
2s-eiV
3s-ei
1p-omen
2p-ete
3p-ousi(n)
Greek Verbs- Charts
•Parsing: the breaking down of the
verb and denoting of: person,
number, tense, voice, mood, lexical
form, and definition of inflected
form.
•Lexical form: For verbs, this will
be the 1st person singular, present
indicative.
Paradigm: Present Active Indicative-
luvvw
1sg
2sg
3sg
luvw
luveiV
luvei
I am loosing
1pl
luvomen
2pl
3pl
Tense
Present
o
e
e
V
i
we are loosing
o
men
luvete
ya’ll are loosing
e
te
luvousi(n)
they are
loosing
o
nsi
Aug/
Redup
You are loosing
he/she/it is
loosing
Tense
Stem
Present
Tense
Form.
Conn.
Vowel
o/e
Personal
Endings
Prim act
1st Sing.
Paradigm
luvw
Primary Active ending
1s
2s
3s
1p
2p
3p
-w
-eiV
-ei
-omen
-ete
-ousi(n)
Greek Verbs- Tense
•Aspect: This can be either
continuous or undefined.
–Aspect ALWAYS takes
precedence over time
•Time: Present tense generally
indicates an action occurring in
the present tense.
Verbs & Personal Pronouns
• It is not usually necessary to provide
the personal pronoun as the subject of a
verb because the verb ending indicates
the personal pronoun subject of the verb.
•Reasons for including the personal
pronoun are twofold:
–Emphasis.
–Gender.
Beta
th.n fwnh.n auvtou/ avkou,eij
You hear its sound
Gamma
evxousi,an e;cei o` ui`o.j tou/
avnqrw,pou
the son of man has authority
Delta
to. fw/j tou/ ko,smou tou,tou
ble,pousin
They see the light of the world