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Pronouns • Definition • Pronouns refer to wods used to replace nouns (the names of people, places, and things) that have already been mentioned, or that the speaker/writer assumes are understood by the listener/reader. For example, “I want you to read this again.” The words I, you, and this are pronouns. Categories of pronouns • 1. Personal pronoun: Generally refers to people or animate nouns 2. Possessive pronoun: Shows ownership. mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, their. • 3. Reflexive pronoun: reflexive pronouns in English are used as objects that are coreferential to the subject of the same sentence. Categories of pronouns • 4. Reciprocal pronoun: English uses reciprocal pronouns to show “mutuality of action: A does to B what B does to A.” In these cases the reciprocal construction appears in the same clause as its antecedents. For example “Bob and Joe ran into each other” but never “Bob went into town and Joe ran into each other.” • 5. Demonstrative pronoun: Indicates specificity. this, that, these, those. Categories of pronouns • 6. Indefinite pronouns: Indefinite pronouns are the opposite of demonstrative pronouns in that they do not have a specific referent. anybody, anyone, anything, everything, everybody, nobody, no-one, nothing, somebody, someone, something. • 7. Interrogative pronouns: used to begin questions. what, when, when, where, why, how and variations of who (whom/ whose). 8. Relative pronouns: Relative pronouns in English tend to initiate a relative clause. who, whom, which, whose, that Pronoun concord in number 1) Pronoun concord with every-, some-, any- compounds as antecedent 2) Pronoun concord with coordinate construction as antecedent Pronoun concord in number 3) Pronoun concord with collective noun as antecedent 4) Pronoun concord with “plural noun/ pronoun + each” as antecedent Pronoun concord in gender 1) Pronoun concord with male / female noun as antecedent 2) Pronoun Concord with common gender noun as antecedent 3) Pronoun concord with neutral gender noun as antecedent Pronoun concord in person 1) Pronoun concord in person on sentential level 2) Pronoun concord in person on textual level Choice of pronoun case forms 1) Choice between subjective and objective case 2) Choice between objective and genitive case Ordinary usages of pronouns • a. Subjective Personal Pronouns • A subjective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the sentence. The subjective personal pronouns are "I," "you," "she," "he," "it," "we," "you," "they." Ordinary usages of pronouns • b. Objective Personal Pronouns • An objective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. The objective personal pronouns are: "me," "you," "her," "him," "it," "us," "you," and "them." Possessive pronouns • Each of the personal pronouns has forms which indicate possession. This is your book. This book is yours. Possessive adjectives • 1) Agreement of English Possessive Adjectives with their Antecedents • 2) Possessive adjectives used with gerunds Reflexive pronouns a) Reflexive as appositive b) Reflexive as prepositional complementation c) Reflexive as object d) Other uses of reflexives Reciprocal Pronouns • Reciprocal pronouns refer to persons or things which are acting on each other. In English, the following two phrases are used as reciprocal pronouns: each other one another Demonstrative pronoun • A demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that is used to distinguish people or things. It also can be used as a subject, object, or can be predicative or attributive. Indefinite Pronouns • Indefinite pronouns refer to an unknown or undetermined person, place or thing. • Care must be taken to identify whether the pronoun is singular or plural to ensure the proper conjugation of the verb. Indefinite Pronouns • Indefinite pronouns that are always singular: Another, Anyone, Anybody, Anything, Everyone, Everybody, Everything, Nothing, Each, Either No One, Neither, Nobody, One, Someone, Somebody, Something Indefinite Pronouns • Indefinite pronouns that are always plural: Both, Few, Many, Several • Either plural or singular: All, Most, None, Some Interrogative Pronouns • Interrogative pronouns are used in asking questions. The pronouns who, what and which are used as interrogative pronouns. e.g. Who telephoned? What did you say? Which is your brother? Interrogative Pronouns • The pronoun Who The pronoun who usually refers only to persons. Unlike the other interrogative pronouns, who changes its form depending on the case, as shown in the following table. • Subjective Case: who • Objective Case: whom • Possessive Case: whose Interrogative Pronouns • Whose The form whose can be used either as a possessive adjective followed by a noun, or as a possessive pronoun. The possessive form whose expresses the idea of belonging to. For instance, the idea expressed in the sentence: Whose books are these? could also be expressed by the sentence: To whom do these books belong? Interrogative Pronouns • What and Which What and which can be used either as interrogative pronouns, or as interrogative adjectives followed by nouns. e.g. What is that? Which is his sister? What time is it? Which woman is his sister? Relative pronouns • A pronoun which is used to begin a subordinate clause can be referred to as a relative pronoun, since it indicates the relationship of the subordinate clause to the rest of the sentence. Relative pronouns • That When used as a relative pronoun, that can refer to either persons or things. The relative pronoun that is generally used only in defining relative clauses. Relative pronouns • Which As was pointed out in an earlier section, when used as an adjective or interrogative pronoun, which can refer to either persons or things. However, it is important to note that when used as a relative pronoun, which can refer only to things. • Who, Whom and Whose The use of who, whom and whose as relative pronouns is similar to their use as interrogative pronouns. Who is used as the subject of a verb, whom is used as the object of a verb or the object of a preposition, and whose is used as an adjective indicating possession. The relative pronouns who, whom and whose can generally refer only to persons, and can be used either in defining or nonrestrictive relative clauses.