Download The Past Indefinite Tense To be

The Ministry of Higher and secondary specialization education of the Republic Uzbekistan
academic lyceum named by Sobir Rahimov
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Theme: The Past Indefinite Tense
Checked by: English teacher
Kuzgibayeva D.
Done by:
303-group student
Sattorov Sh.
Tashkent - 2008
The Past Indefinite Tense
To be
Negative
Affirm
ative
I, he,
she, it
was
we, you,
they
were
Interro
gative
was
I, he,
she,
it?
were
we, you,
they?
I, he,
she, it
was
not
we, you,
they
were not
• For:
He was there.
Was he there?
He was not there.
You were there.
Were you there?
They were not there.
To have
Affirmativ
e
Interroga
tive
Negative
I, he,
she, it
had
we, you,
they
had
had
I, he,
she,
it?
had
we, you,
they?
I, he,
she, it
had not
we, you,
they
had not
• For:
I had a big dog.
Had he a big dog?
I had not a big dog.
They had a book.
Had they a book?
They had not a book.
Can
Affirmativ Interroga
e
tive
I, he,
she, it
could
we, you,
they
could
could
I, he,
she,
it?
could
we, you,
they?
Negative
I, he,
she, it
could not
we, you,
they
could not
• For:
• He could speak
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English language.
Could he speak
English language?
He could not speak
English language.
Regular and irregular verbs
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Work – worked – worked write – wrote – written
Like – liked – liked
go – went – gone
Stay – stayed – stayed know – knew – known
Answer – answered – answered
sit – sat – sat
Verb to dry = dried
Verb to worry = worried
The Simple Past tense
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I went to the wedding of my friend.
He walked to the station.
The Simple Past Tense Interrogative
Shakespeare liked London
Affirmative
Did Shakespeare like London?
Interrogative
The Simple Past Tense Negative
Pedro liked London
Affirmative
Pedro did not like London
Negative
Hob went to the wedding
Affirmative
Hob did not go to the wedding
Negative
Simple Forms
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Present Tense
Present tense expresses an unchanging, repeated, or reoccurring action or situation
that exists only now. It can also represent a widespread truth.
ExampleMeaningThe mountains are tall and white.Unchanging actionEvery year, the
school council elects new members. Recurring actionPb is the chemical symbol for
lead. Widespread truthPast Tense
Past tense expresses an action or situation that was started and finished in the
past. Most past tense verbs end in -ed. The irregular verbs have special past tense
forms which must be memorized.
ExampleFormW.W.II ended in 1945. Regular -ed pastErnest Hemmingway wrote "The
Old Man and the Sea."Irregular formFuture Tense
Future tense expresses an action or situation that will occur in the future. This tense
is formed by using will/shall with the simple form of the verb.
The speaker of the House will finish her term in May of 1998.
The future tense can also be expressed by using am, is, or are with going to.
The surgeon is going to perform the first bypass in Minnesota.
We can also use the present tense form with an adverb or adverbial phrase to show
future time.
The president speaks tomorrow. (Tomorrow is a future time adverb.)
Progressive Forms
• Present Progressive Tense
• Present progressive tense describes an ongoing action that is happening at the same
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time the statement is written. This tense is formed by using am/is/are with the verb
form ending in -ing.
The sociologist is examining the effects that racial discrimination has on society.
Past Progressive Tense
Past progressive tense describes a past action which was happening when another
action occurred. This tense is formed by using was/were with the verb form ending
in -ing.
The explorer was explaining the lastest discovery in Egypt when protests began on
the streets.
Future Progressive Tense
Future progressive tense describes an ongoing or continuous action that will take
place in the future. This tense is formed by using will be or shall be with the verb
form ending in -ing.
Dr. Jones will be presenting ongoing research on sexist language next week.
Perfect Forms
• Present Perfect Tense
• Present perfect tense describes an action that happened at an indefinite time in the
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past or that began in the past and continues in the present.This tense is formed by
using has/have with the past participle of the verb. Most past participles end in ed. Irregular verbs have special past participles that must be memorized.
ExampleMeaning The researchers have traveled to many countries in order to
collect more significant data.At an indefinite timeWomen have voted in presidential
elections since 1921. Continues in the presentPast Perfect Tense
Past perfect tense describes an action that took place in the past before another past
action. This tense is formed by using had with the past participle of the verb.
By the time the troops arrived, the war had ended.
Future Perfect Tense
Future perfect tense describes an action that will occur in the future before some
other action. This tense is formed by using will have with the past participle of
the verb.
By the time the troops arrive, the combat group will have spent several weeks
waiting.
Perfect Progressive Forms
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Present Perfect Progressive
Present perfect progressive tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the
present, and may continue into the future. This tense is formed by using has/have been and
the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing).
The CEO has been considering a transfer to the state of Texas where profits would be larger.
Past Perfect Progressive
Past perfect progressive tense describes a past, ongoing action that was completed before some
other past action. This tense is formed by using had been and the present perfect of the verb
(the verb form ending in -ing).
Before the budget cuts, the students had been participating in many extracurricular activities.
Future Perfect Progressive
Future perfect progressive tense describes a future, ongoing action that will occur before some
specified future time. This tense is formed by using will have been and the present participle
of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing).
By the year 2020, linguists will have been studying and defining the Indo-European language
family for more than 200 years.
Meaning of Tenses
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English and most other European languages have what is called absolute tense. This means
that simply by knowing the tense form of a verb, you know the basic time of the event. If you use
a verb in past tense, the action already took place (it is past with respect to the time of
speaking). Likewise, future tense means that the action has not begun at the time you are
speaking, and present means the action is happening at the time you are speaking.
In the absence of any context to the contrary, Hausa tenses can have similar meanings to those
of English, e.g.
PastThey entered.Sun shiga.FutureThey will enter.Za su shiga.PresentThey are entering.Suna
shiga.But Hausa has what is called relative tense. This means that the tense form tells you
about the time of the event relative to some time of reference. If no time context is mentioned,
the assumption is that the time of reference is the moment of speaking, as in the examples in the
table above. However, if the time of reference is displaced to the past or the future, English
(which has absolute tense) must change the tense marking, whereas Hausa continues to use
the same forms as in the table above.
Past (past context)Yesterday by 3:00 they had entered.Jiya da 3:00 sun shiga.Past (future
context)Tomorrow at 3:00 they will have entered.Gobe da 3:00 sun shiga.Future (past
context)Yesterday at 3:00 they were about to enter.Jiya da 3:00 za su shiga.Future (future
context)Tomorrow at 3:00 they will enter.*Gobe da 3:00 za su shiga.Present (past
context)Yesterday at 3:00 they were entering.Jiya da 3:00 suna shiga.Present (future
context)Tomorrow at 3:00 they will be entering.Gobe da 3:00 suna shiga.
Marking of Tenses
• English marks tense by changes in the verb form (enter vs. entered vs.
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entering) and/or addition of auxiliary verbs (have, had, will, are, were, etc.).
In Hausa, for the most part, the verb itself does not change to mark tense
differences. Hausa marks tense differences by different sets of subject
pronouns, sometimes with the pronoun combined with some additional
particle, such as preceding za, which marks future (see the table above).
For this reason, a subject pronoun must accompany every verb in Hausa,
regardless of whether the subject is known from previous context or is
expressed by a noun subject. Here are some examples:
Na shiga na zauna.I entered and sat down.
("I entered I sat down.")Yara sun shiga sun zauna.The children entered and
sat down.
("Children they entered they sat down.")Muna hira muna dariyaWe are
chatting and laughing.
("We are chatting we are laughing."Yara suna hira suna dariya.The children
are chatting and laughing.
("Children they are chatting they are laughing.")
"Active" vs. "Stative" verbs
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Links to information on verb tenses
"Active" verbs represent some kind of action, such as run, enter, eat, take--in fact the large majority of verbs.
"Stative" verbs represent a state of being, a mental state, or a static relationship, such as be-nice, know, see, be-older-than.
In English, using an active or a stative verb has an effect on choice of tense.
Active verbStative verbJohn is drinking tea.John sees the tea.John is doing something--he is engaged in an ongoing activity.The tea
is in John's line of sight and is registering in his brain--he is not "doing" anything.English uses the present progressive (a form of 'be'
+ the -ing form of the verb).English uses the simple present form of the verb.
In Hausa, the "active" vs. "stative" sense also determines choice of tense.
Active verb referring to present timeStative verb referring to present timeBashir yana shan shayi.
'Bashir is drinking the tea.'Bashir ya ga shayi.
'Bashir sees the tea.'Bashir is doing an action.The tea is in Bashir's line of sight and is registering in his brain--he is not "doing"
anything.Hausa uses the Continuative, which shows an event that is unfolding over time.Hausa uses the Completive, which shows
that the event is viewed as a "unit", i.e. the effects of the event are complete.
English and Hausa differ, however. The Hausa Completive with a stative verb translates as English Present, but the Completive with
an active verb usually translates as English Past tense. This is because the base meaning of the Completive is that the event is viewed
as "complete", i.e. its effects are no longer in a state of flux.
Active verb with CompletiveStative verb with CompletiveBashir ya sha shayi.
'Bashir drank the tea.'Bashir ya ga shayi.
'Bashir sees the tea.'Bashir has completed the tea drinking.Bashir's mental picture of the tea is complete--it is not evolving from one
moment to the next.The translation into English uses a Past tense, showing that the event came to an end at anearlier time.The
translation into English uses a Present tense, showing that the seeing is in effect at the present moment.
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PAST TENSE—PAST
PARTICIPLE
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The interchange of these two parts of the irregular or so-called strong verbs is,
perhaps, the breach oftenest committed by careless speakers and writers. To avoid
mistakes it is requisite to know the principal parts of these verbs, and this knowledge
is very easy of acquirement, as there are not more than a couple of hundred of such
verbs, and of this number but a small part is in daily use. Here are some of the most
common blunders: "I seen" for "I saw;" "I done it" for "I did it;" "I drunk" for "I
drank;" "I begun" for "I began;" "I rung" for "I rang;" "I run" for "I ran;" "I sung" for
"I sang;" "I have chose" for "I have chosen;" "I have drove" for "I have driven;" "I
have wore" for "I have worn;" "I have trod" for "I have trodden;" "I have shook" for
"I have shaken;" "I have fell" for "I have fallen;" "I have drank" for "I have drunk;" "I
have began" for "I have begun;" "I have rang" for "I have rung;" "I have rose" for "I
have risen;" "I have spoke" for "I have spoken;" "I have broke" for "I have broken."
"It has froze" for "It has frozen." "It has blowed" for "It has blown." "It has flowed"
(of a bird) for "It has flown."
N. B.—The past tense and past participle of To Hang is hanged or hung. When you
are talking about a man meeting death on the gallows, say "He was hanged"; when
you are talking about the carcass of an animal say, "It was hung," as "The beef was
hung dry." Also say your coat "was hung on a hook."