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Main Ideas Elise Elder, Megan Kim and Donna Kim Period 1 Table of Contents Gross Errors Participles and Appositives - Clauses - Phrases Absolute Phrases Figurative Language MLA Format Basic structure of an Essay Basic Essay Definitions Citing Sources Gross Errors a lot- Never one word! to-too-two- To shows place or direction, too means also or enough, two is the number “2” its, it’s- Its is showing possession, it’s is contraction for “it is.” your, you’re- Your is possessive pronoun, you’re is contraction of “you are”. our, are- Our is a pronoun, are is state of being verb. there, their, they’re- There is position, their shows possession, and there is contraction for “they are.” Continued ….. should of, would of, could of- These three are never to be written. The correct form is to use “have” in place of “of.” through, threw-Through is preposition, threw is the verb, showing action. were, where, wear- Were is state of being verb, where indicates position, wear is an action verb. know-no-now- Know is knowledge, no is used in answering questions, now indicates specific time Continued….. then-than- Then indicates a specific time or particular period of time, than indicated comparison between two things accept-except- Accept active verb showing something being given or taken and except is a preposition similar to “but” Affect- effect- Affect is active verb that asks how one thing will affect another, effect is a noun that has a special effect. Participles and Appositives Clauses: Clauses have a subject and a predicate. Clause can be independent or dependent/subordinate. A sentence must have at least one independent clauses. If a sentence has two IC, it must be joined with semicolon, or a conjunction. For example: IC;IC or IC and /but/or/for IC Continued….. Ex.1) Before I got mad, I counted to ten until I felt better. “ Before I got mad ” is DC “ I counted to ten ” is IC “ Until I felt better ” is DC Ex.2) I thought about it before I asked who did it. “ I thought about it” is IC “ before I asked who did it ” is DC Absolute Phrases Phrase is missing a verb, a subject, or both. A participle phrase uses the -ing or the -ed form of a verb along with the other modifiers. The appositive is a noun that renames another noun, along with any modifiers. Continued….. Bold=Participle Phrase Italic=Appositive Phrase Ex.1) While studying science at the university, he came upon the secret of how to create life. Ex.2) Victor’s monster, a strange, hideous creature, approached him. Continued….. Absolute phrase: Absolute phrase consists of a noun and a participle along with modifiers. Because it has a noun and a participle (a “wannabe” verb) it resembles the clause, appearing to have a subject and a verb; however, it is still a phrase. The absolute phrase can be placed anywhere in the sentence and has no relation to it. Continued….. Examples) “His breath slowing to a shallow rasp, Clem faced the angry guinea pig.” “His breath slowing to a shallow rasp, Clem faces the angry guinea pig.” “His breath slowing to a shallow rasp, Clem will face the angry guinea pig.” Continued….. Bold=appositive Italics=participle underline=absolute Ex.1) Clouds of dust flew across the south central United States in the 1930s, a decade of despair. Ex.2) Farmers there had endured years of boom and bust, their crops failing with the weather. Ex.3) When the wind, blowing mercilessly, swept the land, it blew away the earth… Ex.4) Steinbeck, moved by what he saw, decided to write “big” book about the situation; his book, The Grapes of Wrath, is now a classic. Figurative Language Figurative Language is a tool that an author uses to help the reader visualize what is happening in a story or poem. Some common types of figurative languages are: alliteration, onomatopoeia, metaphor, simile, and personification. Continued….. Alliteration: The repetition of usually initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables. Example: the wild and wooly walrus waits and wanders when we’ll walk by Onomatopoeia: The language peculiar to a group of people Example: buzz, hiss, roar, woof Continued….. Metaphor: Comparing two things by using one kind of object or using in place of another to suggest the likeness between them Example: he is a pig for eating too much Simile: A figure of speech comparing two unlike things that is often introduced by like or as Example: The sun is like a yellow ball of fire in the sky Continued….. Personification: Giving something human qualities Example: The stuffed bear smiled as the little boy hugged him close Definitions from: http://kidskonnect.com/figurativelanguage/figurativelanguagehome.html MLA Format Double spaced No additional spaces between the header and the title, the title and the first paragraph or between the first paragraph Everything is left aligned 12 point font and Times New Roman The student last name and page number belong in the header, which is right aligned (the header is on every page) Continued….. When referring to a book, the author’s first and last name should be mentioned; afterwards only the last name The title of the book should be italicized or underlined, followed by it’s initials, which may be used from then on. The page number of the quotation comes before punctuation Basic Structure of an Essay 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Intro: Hook Thesis Supporting Thesis Same Same Thesis Restated Leads into next paragraph Continued….. Body 1 & 2 & 3 1) Summarize what is going to be written in paragraph 2) Topic Sentence 3) Supprting T.P. 4) Same 5) Same 6) Restate T.P. 7) Leads into next paragraph Continued….. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Conclusion Leads into paragraph Rephrase Thesis Supporting Thesis (Restated) Same Same Restate Thesis Remembering Sentence Basic Essay Definitions Themes: A theme is the main idea of the story, or the message the author is conveying. Commentary: Your explanation/analysis/ interpretation/connection to the evidence to the topic Hook: A sentence that draws reader’s attention. Thesis: A sentence that states the main idea of the essay and with a purpose of proving or supporting it. Continued….. Supporting Sentences: Sentence that supports the thesis and/or the topic sentence. Topic Sentence: A sentence that is restated from one of the introduction supporting sentence. Conclusion: A paragraph that ends the essay and concludes the thesis statement. Citing Sources Always site your sources. And for a copy of the correct way to site sources go to your school librarian or your English teacher. :)