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All you ever wanted to know… And probably a little bit more. This is the –ing form. It refers to an action that is happening AT THE SAME TIME as the main event of the sentence: The laughing girl is singing. The slaves hurried through the house looking for the amulet. So what does it mean to be a participle? The laughing girl is singing. Is laughing an action? Then it is a type of verb. Is it describing a person or thing? Then it is sort of an adjective. This is why we call participles VERBAL ADJECTIVES. Since “laughing” is part action word, part describer, it comes from a verb, but declines like an adjective. So it is formed from a verb: Rideo, ridēre, risi, risus – to laugh And it has nominative, genitive, dative, etc. endings like an adjective. What tense is “laughing”? Present… So we use the PRINCIPAL PARTS associated with the present tense. Rideo, ridēre, risi, risus Rideo = I laugh Ridēre = to laugh You just take the –re off of the SECOND part. Ridēre And add the appropriate adjectival ending. Ridēns This is the NOMINATIVE form. What does this mean? Is it singular or plural? So we would use this form to describe who/what? One person or thing doing the action. What if we wanted to describe one possessive person or thing? Ridēntis The –nt- lets us know it is a present participle The –is lets us know it is genitive singular. What if we wanted to talk about something in the DATIVE case and PLURAL? Ridēntibus The ridē- tells us the verb is “laugh,” the “-nt-” tells us it is –ing and the “–ibus” tells us it is DATIVE or ABLATIVE plural. You try it. What about the accusative singular? Ridēntem Is the action still simultaneous? When did this action happen? Since this is in the PAST, we use a different PRINCIPAL PART Duco, ducere, duxi, ductus– to lead This is our “go-to” form for perfect participles. For MOST verbs, this means “having been” So ductus would mean… Notice the last two letters of this word. Where have we seen this ending? Amicus, servus, dominus, etc. So we would use the ductus form to describe what gender? What #? What case? What if we wanted to say “with the girls having been praised..” Cum puellīs … Laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatus Which part? Laudatus What case do we need? What gender? What #? Ablative, feminine, plural Cum puellīs laudatīs So do PERFECT participles use the same endings as PRESENT participles? Perfect = 1st and 2nd declension adjective endings (like BONUS, A, UM) Present = 3rd declension adjective endings (fortis, fortis) These make up a SMALL subset of perfect participles. You can make a list of the ones we’ve seen: Precatus, a, um Ingressus, a, um Locutus, a, um And so on. All of these are translated “having _____ed” Having prayed Having entered Having spoken The perfect PASSIVE participles we’ve seen are accompanied by a/ab and an ablative noun. templum, ab architecto aedificatum, stat. The temple, having been built by the architect, stands. What case is temple? What number? What gender? Vir servum, a venalicio ductum, vendit. the man sells a slave, having been led by the slave-dealer. And the perfect *actives* are only that small group we’ve seen in the vocab list and in our translations. These are translated “having verbed” NOT “having been verbed.” Active = you do it Passive = it is done to you Laudantibus Present active Laudatus Perfect passive Regressa Perfect active Portantes Present active Precatum Perfect active Scriptorum Perfect passive Remember the genitive plural of 3rd declension nouns and adjectives is a –um. Regium = of the kings Amantum matrum = of the loving mothers Compare this with templum aedificatum The temple having been built (nom/acc) How can you tell that amantum is present active and aedificatum is perfect passive? Notice: amantum versus aedificatum. Go slowly and watch for the –n- in the middle. -n- just like English, -ing.