Download Unit 3: Grammar and Usage

Lessons 48 - 53
UNIT 3: GRAMMAR AND USAGE
USING ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Write Sentences using the following words:
 Worked
and diligently
 Seemed and quiet
 Tread and cautiously
 Looked and magnificent
 Wake and quickly
 Appeared and tired
 Knock and softly
PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word that shows the
relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another
word in the sentence.
 EXAMPLES:
Put the package on the table. Place the
package in the desk.

These are some commonly used prepositions:
About
Between
Of
Above
By
Over
Across
For
Through
Against
From
To
Among
From
Toward
Around
In
Under
At
Into
Upon
Behind
Near
With

Create sentences using the prepositions:
 Across
 Behind
 From
 Through
 Toward
 Over
 Upon
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
A phrase is a group of closely related words used
as a single part of speech but not containing a
subject and predicate.
 A prepositional phrase is a group of words that
begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or
a pronoun.



Example: He took the bus to Saskatoon.
The noun or pronoun in the prepositional phrase is
called the object of the preposition.

Example: He took the bus to Saskatoon.

Write sentences using the following
prepositional phrases:
 In
the evening
 Of Canada
 Behind the couch
 Near the city

A prepositonal phrase can be used to describe a noun or
a pronoun. Then the prepositional phrase is being used
as an adjective to tell which one, what kind, or how
many.



Example: The cat in the alley hissed.
The prepositional phrase in the alley tells which cat.
A prepositional phrase can be used to describe a verb.
Then the prepositional phrase is being used as an
adverb to tell how, where, or when.

Example: Dara ate supper before the concert. The
prepositional phrase before the concert tells when Dara ate
supper.
PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

Participial phrases begin with a present or past
participle and can function as adjectives.

Examples:
Reaching for a cookie, Martin spilled his glass of milk.
 Damaged beyond repair, the ship sunk.


Sometimes participial phrases are misplaced in a
sentence so that they modify the wrong word (misplaced
modifier).

Example:

Misplaced: Grazing peacefully like cattle, we saw a herd of buffalo.


[The participial phrase seems to refer to we]
Revised: We saw a herd of buffalo, grazing peacefully like cattle.

[The phrase clearly refers to buffalo]

Sometimes the word they modify is implied, but
doesn’t appear in the sentence (dangling
modifier). When participial phrases are not
clearly related to the words that they modify,
confusion can result.
 Example:
 Dangling:
While jogging, the CD player broke.
 Revised: While jogging, I broke the CD player.
CONJUNCTIONS
A Conjunction is a word used to join words or
groups of words together.
 Example: We are packing our bags, but we plan
to return soon.
 These are some commonly used conjunctions:

Although
If
Unless
And
Nor
When
As
Or
Whereas
Because
Since
Whether
But
Then
While
For
That
Yet
However
Though

A co-ordinating conjunction, such as and, but, yet,
or, and nor join two or more elements or equal
rank in the sentence.


Example: The satellite and the space shuttle were
prepared.
Subordinating conjunctions such as while,
because, although, and until join elements of
unequal rank in a sentence. They can be placed at
the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.

Example: Before we went to Germany, I visited relatives
in France.
DOUBLE NEGATIVES

The adverbs not, never, hardly, scarcely,
seldom, none, and nothing should not be used
with a negative verb. One clause cannot
properly contain two negatives.
 Examples:
 There
wasn’t anything left in the cupboard. (correct).
 There wasn’t nothing left in the cupboard. (Incorrect)