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Clauses …include a subject and a verb Main Types Independent (sentence) Dependent (Subordinate) Dependent Clauses Adjective Clauses Adverb Clauses Noun Clauses Adjective Clauses Modify nouns and pronouns Answer the questions which one? What kind? Start with relative pron. or adv. (that, which, who… or after, before, since…) Can be removed from the sentence Essential versus Nonessential Nonessential clauses are unnecessary to the basic meaning of the sentence (usually follow proper nouns). Set these off with commas Essential clauses are necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence (after common nouns). Adverb Clauses Usually modify verbs, but also modify adverbs, adjectives, and verbals Tell where, when, in what manner, to what extent, under what condition, or why. Start with subordinating conjunctions (although, because, if, where…) Usually start or end the sentence and modify the verb Elliptical Clauses (type of adv. clause) The verb or subject is understood They start with than or as Noun Clause Acts as a noun: subject, D.O., I.O., P.N., O.P., or App. Answers the question what They cannot be removed from the sentence (except for appositives) Start with words like that, who, how, what… Identifying the Function of a Noun Clause – by placement Subj, D.O. I.O. P.N. Starts the sentence after action verb (what?) between after a. verb linking and D.O. verb (for whom?) O.P. App. After Prep. after a noun Determining Adjective, Adverb, or Noun… If the clause starts the sentence… Followed by a comma – adv. Not followed by a comma – n. If the clause can be removed from the sentence… If the clause follows a noun and describes a noun – adj. If the clause indicates where, when, or a condition – adv. If the clause tells what or who – N.