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Download Grammar for Grade 9 IV Clauses and Sentence
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Grammar for Grade 9 Episode IV: Clauses and Sentence Structure Four Types of Sentences • There are four types of sentences: – Declarative sentences, or statements – Interrogative sentences, or questions – Imperative sentences, or commands – Exclamatory sentences, or exclamations Declarative Sentences • End with a period, sometimes called a “full stop” • State facts or opinions and can be long or short • Most sentences are declarative. For example: – I have never eaten kohlrabi. – Although Thomas is older than Eileen, she is taller than he is. – Going to the library is more fun than going to the beach. Interrogative Sentences • End with a question mark: ? • Generally employ an interrogative word (who, what, when, etc) or verb inversion (“Are you going to sit?” instead of “You are going to sit.” • Examples: – Why don’t you sit down? – What were you doing out so late? – Did you think you were going to get away with this? – Are you going to cry? Imperative Sentences • Make a command or request and end with a period. – Brian, close the door. • May not have an expressed subject. Since the speaker is commanding “you” to do something, the understood subject is “you”. – Close the door. • While the sentence doesn’t say who is supposed to do the closing, the subject is “you”: whoever the speaker is talking to. Exclamatory Sentences • Express strong emotion, or powerful feelings. • End with an exclamation mark: ! • Never use more than one exclamation mark (or a mixture of exclamation and question marks) in formal writing. – I’m leaving! – We beat the other team 24-7! – Get out of here! • Notice that this is also an imperative sentence...it’s an order that is being expressed with strong emotion. Fragments (Sentence Error) Sentence fragments – Are incomplete sentences that are punctuated as though they are complete. – Can be missing a subject, verb, or complete thought. – Examples: • Ran quickly to the store. • Bob and Louis in the ballpark at noon • Even though I told them not to. Run-On (Sentence Error) • The most common sentence error, run-on sentences happen when more than one complete thought is punctuated as though it was only one sentence. • Example: – He ate lunch I didn’t. Run-Ons (Continued) • Comma splices are a special type of run-on. They happen when two sentences are joined together with just a comma. • Example: – It has been such a long time, I can’t tell you how glad I am to see you. • Run-ons also happen if the comma before a coordinating conjunction that joins together two main clauses is left out. • Example: – Burkina Faso is its new name but many books still list it by its old name of Upper Volta. Sentence Errors • Professional writers sometimes use fragments and/or run-on sentences for effect. However, you should avoid them. • Your teacher will likely assume that you didn’t notice them, and your grades might suffer. Clauses • A clause is a group of words which has a subject and a verb. • If the clause can stand on its own as a sentence (if it contains a complete thought), it is called an independent clause. • Examples: – I told you we’d win the game! – Grammar really isn’t that hard. Clauses II • A clause which does not contain a complete thought is called a dependent clause. • Dependent clauses usually have a subordinating conjunction to make them dependent. • Examples: – Although I told you we’d win the game – Since grammar isn’t that hard Clauses and Sentence Errors • Students often put a period at the end of a dependent clause, which results in a fragment error. Don’t. • Other times, they put two independent clauses together and create run-ons. Avoid this, too. Sentence Structure • There are four ways to put a sentence together. From least complicated to most complicated, they are – Simple sentences – Compound sentences – Complex sentences – Compound-complex sentences Simple Sentences • Simple sentences have one main clause. • Examples: – The dog bit the trainer. – The dog and the cat bit the trainer. • Simple sentence with compound subject – The dog bit and scratched the trainer. • Simple sentence with compound predicate – The mangy dog and the scruffy, yowling cat viciously bit and scratched the cruel, underpaid trainer. • Expanded simple sentence with compound subject, compound predicate and modifiers Compound Sentences • A compound sentence has two or more main clauses, joined by a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon. • Examples: – The dog bit, but the cat scratched. – The dog bit; the cat scratched. Complex Sentences • A complex sentence has one main (independent) clause, and a subordinate (dependent) clause connected to it. • These clauses must be connected correctly. Follow the Isadora Duncan rule. – Duncan, Isadora [If the dependent clause is first, use a comma between it and the independent clause.] – Isadora Duncan [There is no comma between the clauses when the independent clause is first.] Compound-Complex Sentences • These are sentences which have both subordinate clauses AND more than one independent clause. • Example: – While I was pulling out to drive to the beach, I accidentally hit the recycling bin at the end of my driveway, but I didn’t do any damage to my car. – Green: subordinate clause, blue: independent clause, red: second independent clause with coordinating conjunction. Adjectival Clauses • An adjectival (or adjective) clause modifies a noun or a pronoun, so the whole clause functions like an adjective. • It normally follows the word it modifies. • An essential, or restrictive clause is one that is necessary for the meaning of the sentence. – The person who parked in the driveway should move the car immediately. Adjectival Clauses II • A nonessential, or nonrestrictive clause contains information that is not necessary for the meaning of the sentence. • These adjective clauses are set off with commas. – Katmandu, which is the capital of Nepal, is the home of many famous temples. Adverbial Clauses • Adverbial, or adverb clauses, modify verbs, adjectives or adverbs, and are introduced by subordinating conjunctions, such as since although because when wherever after before while whenever • An adverb clause with some words left out is called elliptical. The omitted words can easily be filled in because they are implied. – I have never heard a better pianist than she [is]. Noun Clauses • Noun clauses can perform any function that nouns can perform. – Whoever can sing well may try out for the part. • Subject – She couldn’t decide which she liked best. • Direct object – The argument caused a misunderstanding about when the lights should have been turned off. • Object of a preposition • Sometimes the relative pronoun used to introduce a noun clause is omitted. – I believe [that] the wallet belongs to you.