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The (Protestant) Reformation
 The
Roman Catholic Church was a
dominant force in Europe for centuries after
the Fall of the western Roman Empire in
476 A.D.
 The
Reformation was the final splitting of
the Western Church into two halves :
Catholicism and Protestantism.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Main Themes of the Reformation
How
do the ideas of the Protestant reformers
reflect the ideas of the Christian humanists?
What were the basic tenants of each of the major
Protestant faiths? How did these faiths differ with
Catholicism?
Why was there a stronger reformation in
Germany and England than in the rest of
Europe?
What were the long-term political and social
effects of the Reformation on Europe?
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Charlemagne: King of the Franks and Emperor of
the Romans
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
1000 A.D.
Charles V: Emperor of the Holy
Roman Empire
 The
most powerful ruler
during the Reformation
 “Holy Roman Emperor”
 “King of Spain”
 “Emperor of Austria”
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal

Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) fought German
Lutherans to reestablish Catholicism in Northern
Germany.

He won the battle but the Peace of Augsburg
established the permanent religious division of
Germany into Lutheran and Catholic Churches.
“Cuius regio, eius religio” (“Whose region, his
religion.”)

The Peace of Augsburg recognized that the
religion of the leader (Prince) would determine the
religion of the people.

One major problem: It did not recognize the
Calvinists.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
The Swiss Reformation
 Zwingli
& Calvin
 The Anabaptists
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Ulrich Zwingli

About the same time Luther’s ideas were
spreading, the teachings of Ulrich Zwingli
were taking hold in Zurich, Switzerland.

At the Colloquy of Marburg (1529) Luther
and Ulrich Zwingli failed to agree on such
issues as the nature of the Eucharist and
the concept of predestination. As a result of
the Colloquy of Marburg, Protestantism split
into two: Lutherans & Calvinists.

The first Swiss leader of the movement
which became “Calvinism” was Zwingli.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
The Anabaptists
(“to rebaptize”) accused major reformers of
going only half-way. They were especially
distinguished by their rejection of infant baptism.
 Conrad Grebel, with whom Anabaptism
originated, broke openly with Zwingli and
performed the first adult rebaptism in Zurich,
Switzerland in 1523.
 Anabaptism drew its membership mostly from
the ranks of the peasants in Western Germany.
 Anabaptists are the 16th century ancestors of the
modern Mennonites and Amish (refusal to go to
war, to participate in secular government etc.)

I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Persecution of Anabaptists
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
The Reformation was the outgrowth of past ideas:
Humanists
RABELAIS condemned various forms of
corruption within the Church, such as simonythe Catholic Church’s unpopular practice of
allowing men to buy their way into positions
as priests; priests no longer models of virtue;
celibacy vow disregarded.
Reformers
LUTHER condemned corruption in the Church;
believed priests should practice what they
preached.
SIR THOMAS MORE expressed idea of
communal living; no class distinctions; no
unemployment; no competition; everyone living
and working together; defied Henry VIII; Catholic
martyr.
JOHN CALVIN taught that people were already
predestined for salvation; success on earth
determined place in heaven; hard work and no
leisure time were signs of success.
ERASMUS -- believed true religion was a
matter of inward sincerity and pious devotion
rather than an outward symbol of ceremony
and ritual; Scriptures are the guide to
life; wanted only moral reforms, not ritualistic.
LUTHER -- the Bible was a way of life; did not
believe in pompous Church ceremonies; clergy
not important; everyone is their own priest; one
should be able to talk to God directly.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Martin Luther

Born into a middle class family in Saxony, Germany. He
got a good education and began studying law. After
almost being hit by lightning, he decided to become a
monk.

As a monk, he became obsessed with his own
sinfulness, and pursued every possible opportunity to
earn worthiness in God’s eyes (for example, selfflagellation) but he was still not satisfied, for he felt that
God would never forgive a sinner like himself.

Finally, he had an intense religious experience that led
him to realize that justification in the eyes of God was
based on faith alone and not on good works and
sacraments.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Martin Luther

Then, in 1517, he saw a friar named Johann
Tetzel peddling indulgences and claiming that by
buying them, people could save themselves time
in purgatory.

Since he said that by buying the indulgences,
people could excuse sins, people were coming
to buy the indulgences in droves.

This outraged Luther, and on October 31st,
1517 he posted his Ninety-Five Theses on the
church door.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
“So soon as a coin in the coffer rings . . . the Soul into heaven
springs” – John Tetzel
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Martin Luther’s 95 Theses
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Luther’s 95 Theses
 Explained that the Pope could remit only
the penalties he or canon law imposed,
and that for other sins the faithful had only
to sincerely repent to obtain an
indulgence, rather than pay the Church.
 The
theses made the profits from the
indulgences drop off, and angered the
order that supported Tetzel. Luther and
the rival monks began to have theological
discussions, which were at first ignored.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Luther’s Writings
By 1520 Luther had written three radical
pamphlets:
1)An Address to the Christian Nobility of the German
Nation - made a patriotic appeal to Germans to
reject the foreign Pope’s authority.
2)The Babylonian Captivity - attacked the belief that
the seven sacraments were the only means of
attaining grace, saying that only two, baptism
and the Eucharist (which were mentioned in the
Bible) were important.
3)The Liberty of the Christian Man - explained the
principle of salvation by faith alone. (Sola
Scriptura)

I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
The Diet of Worms
 Luther’s
writings could no longer be
ignored, and, in 1520, Pope Leo the Fifth
excommunicated him.
 Luther
responded by calling the Pope an
anti-Christ. So, Charles the Fifth ordered
him to offer his defense against the decree
at a Diet of the Empire at Worms.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
The Diet of Worms
 At Worms, Luther refused to retract his
statements, asking to be proved wrong
with the Bible.
 So,
Charles ordered that Luther be
arrested and his works burned, but Prince
Frederick of Saxony came to Luther’s aid
and allowed Luther to hide in his castle.
 There,
Luther established the Lutheran
doctrines (See Below).
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Lutheran Doctrines

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Justification by faith alone, or the belief that faith
alone, without the sacraments or good works, leads
to an individual’s salvation.
The Bible as the only authority, not any subsequent
works.
All people are equally capable of understanding
God’s word as expressed in the Bible and can gain
salvation without the help of an intermediary, so he
translated the Bible into German (The Catholic
Church insisted that only a priest could read and
interpret the Bible).
No need for sacraments (except Baptism, Eucharist,
& Confirmation) or good works..
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Lutheran Doctrines



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Consubstantiation (the presence of the
substance and Christ coexist in the wafer
and wine and no miracle occurs) instead of
transubstantiation.
No difference between the laity and the
clergy.
Kept bishops for administrative purposes.
Refusal to recognize the authority of the
Pope.
Married clergy.
Religious services in the vernacular.
The Church is subordinate to and the agent
of civil authority.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
The Peasants’ Revolt (1524-1525)
 The German peasantry at first believed Luther to
be an ally. They tried to stop territorial princes
from overriding their traditional laws and
customs.

Luther sympathized with the peasants but
Lutherans were not social revolutionaries.

When the peasants revolted against their
masters, Luther labeled them “un-Christian” and
urged princes to crush them without mercy.
Between 70,000-100,000 died by the time the
revolt was put down.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Importance of the Vernacular

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

En arche en o logos, kai o logos en pros ton Theon,
kai Theos en o logos. Outos en arche pros ton
Theon.
Panta di outou egenata. Kai choris outou egenata
oude en, o gegonen.
En outou zhoe en, kai he zhou en to fos ton
anthropon. Kai ta fos en te scotia phaine. Kai he
scotia outou ou katelaben.
In the beginning was the word, and the Word was
with God, and the Word was God. He was in the
beginning with God.
All things were made through Him, and without him,
nothing was made that was made.
In him was life, and the life was the light of men.
And the light shines in the darkness. And the
darkness perceived Him not.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
John Calvin

Calvin’s approach to salvation differed from Luther’s. He
argued that humanity was divided in advance between
the Damned (those who are going to Hell) and the Elect
(those going to Heaven.)

Calvin believed in predestination, the belief that God
already knew (and ordered) each person’s fate.

According to Calvin, God had given the Elect a faith in
Jesus Christ and a desire to live according to strict moral
laws. The highest virtues for Calvin’s followers were
hard that success in life showed God’s favor.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
John Calvin
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
 Calvin’s
approach to salvation differed from
Luther’s. He argued that humanity was
divided in advance between the Damned and
the Elect.
 God, Calvin said, already knew each
person’s fate. This view is called
predestination.
 According to Calvin, God had given the Elect
a faith in Jesus Christ and a desire to live
according to strict moral laws.
 A high virtue for Calvin’s followers was hard
work. Success in life showed God’s favor.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Calvinism in a Nutshell

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Pessimistic about man; optimistic about
God.
Predestination ("the elect").
Strict interpretation of the Bible. (literal)
Rejected Papal authority.
Scorned pleasures as the idle activities
which allowed the devil to influence one's
actions; no smoking, drinking, gambling,
blaspheming, dancing, music in religious
services.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Calvinism in a Nutshell

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Only "sacraments" were Baptism and the
Eucharist (were only a symbol of God's
presence).
Consubstantiation.
Church elders administered to the
congregation (presbyters).
Too much leisure time leads to sin.
Puritans in England and New England;
Huguenots in France; Presbyterians in
Scotland.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
German sociologist Max Weber advanced a
famous thesis that the Protestant Reformation,
particularly Calvinism, fostered capitalism. (hard
work, success in life as a “sign” of being an
“Elect.”
 Calvinism held special appeal to the new middle
class, particularly business elements (ex. the
merchant class)
 Calvin set up a very strict theocracy in Geneva,
Switzerland. He is sometimes compared to the
monk Savonarola who lived in 15th century
Florence (which was ruled by the Medici.

I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal

During the 1540s and 1550s, Calvinism spread
throughout Europe.

Calvinism found extraordinary success in
Scotland under the leadership of John Knox
who founded the Presbyterian Church there.

In England, the Calvinists were known as
Puritans.

In France, Calvin’s followers were known as the
Huguenots.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Luther (Germany)
Colloquy of Malburg
(Zwingli vs. Luther)
-Predestination and
the Eucharist.
Zwingli (Switzerland)
Lutheranism
-Northern Germany,
Denmark, Norway,
Sweden & Finland
Calvinism (Switzerland)
-Scotland-Presbyterians
-England-Puritans
-France-Huguenots
Anabaptists
(Conrad Grebel / Switzerland)
- Today: Mennonites, Amish
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
King Henry VIII of England
 The
English King played a double role in
the Reformation. As Luther’s beliefs
spread across Europe, Henry VIII
denounced him as a heretic.
 The
pope was grateful for Henry’s loyalty
and named him “Defender of the Faith.”
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
King Henry VIII of England
However, Henry’s loyalty did not last.
 He wanted divorce his wife because she was
growing too old (and hadn’t given him an heir).
 The pope refused to grant Henry a special
permission to divorce. Henry reacted by calling
on parliament of nobles and commoners to
declare that the pope had no authority over the
kingdom of England.
 This resulted in the creation of the Church of
England, or Anglican Church.

I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Which famous Renaissance artist
painted the portrait of Henry VIII?
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Anglicanism in a Nutshell

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Henry VIII of England resented the church
for not granting him a divorce of Catherine of
Aragon.
He wanted church lands and property to add
to his treasury.
The monarch of England now became the
head of the Anglican Church as well.
Book of Common Prayer (Edward VI)
One had to be Anglican to hold a
government job until the late 19th century.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Causes of the Reformation

Dissatisfaction with wealth of Church; poor
people believing bishops were of the
wealthy oppressive class.
1) There was a great deal of financial abuse in
Church: simony, benefices; 30% of land in
Europe was under Church control.
2) This really favored the Slavs and the southeaster
Europeans.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Causes of the Reformation

Overall Corruption in Church leadership

Decline in papal influence as nationalistic
churches emerged.
1) Great Schism
2) Henry VIII of England's defiance of papal
power.

Martin Luther’s 95 Theses
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Causes of the Reformation

The middle class wished to run their
religious affairs as they handled their new
businesses.
1) They found Church bureaucracies still
too medieval and rigid (view on usury, e.g.)
2) Calvinist church came largely from these
ideas (Max Weber's thesis -- "Protestant
Work Ethic”)

Great Peasant Revolt of 1520*
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
The Reformation’s Success in Northern Europe

Monarchies resented the Church for not paying
any taxes to the nation, but collecting taxes from
citizens belonging to the Church and sending
the money to Rome.

Luther appealed to nationalistic feelings in the
German states
i. He denounced the Pope for involvement in
politics as well as religion
ii. He backed the nobility in the Peasant Revolt.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
The Reformation’s Success in Northern Europe

The upper class saw an opportunity to
confiscate church property.

Luther’s ideas spread quickly when Johann
Guttenberg’s printing press, with movable type,
was put into common use in about 1450.

The printing press promoted literacy as Bibles
were made accessible to the masses in the
vernacular.

Led to individual interpretation of Sacred
Scriptures.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Johann Guttenberg’s Printing Press & the Guttenberg
Bible
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Why The Reformation DID NOT Work in Italy

The Pope was in Rome and was Italian (use of Spanish
Inquisition).

The Catholic Church was a source of wealth for Italy.

The Italian Renaissance made Italy prosperous.
(money in art--a large part was Church-sponsored by
Renaissance popes).

Italian universities made the questioning of theological
principles unheard of.

Germany was the home of Luther and of many new,
more theologically "liberal" universities.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Protestantism’s Appeal to Peasants
 Message
of equality in religion, which they
extended to life in general.
A
simplified religion with fewer rituals,
which made it easier to understand.
 Luther
rebelled, which inspired many of
them to do the same.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Protestantism’s Appeal to Nobles
 No
tithe to pay, so $ stays in the country.
 Since they are against Charles for political
reasons, they can justify it by becoming
Protestant.
 No more church owned land, so they can
get more land.
 No tithe for peasants, so nobles can tax
peasants more.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Protestantism’s Appeal to Middle Class
 No
tithe to pay, so more $ for them.
 Now
they can read the Bible and interpret
it in their own way.
of individualism – you are your
own priest.
 Concept
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
The Counter-Reformation

As Protestantism spread, popes and Catholic
Clergy members worked to reform the Catholic
Church. In the 1540s, the Catholic Church laid
down several policies that countered the
challenges of Protestants:
1)The Church, not the individual interpreted the
Bible.
2)Church traditions had authority over the lives of
Christians equal to the Bible’s.
3)Faith alone was not enough to win salvation. A
life of good works was necessary as well.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
The Counter-Reformation
 A committee of six cardinals called the
Inquisition was empowered to prosecute
people for heresy and punish them by
death.
 The Catholic Church was aided in its
mission to reform itself and fight
Protestantism by the Society of Jesus,
whose members were called Jesuits.
Many Jesuits traveled to distant parts of
the world to convert people to Catholic
Christianity.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
A Divided Europe
 Northern
Europe became Protestant while
southern Europe remained Catholic.
 The
Protestants took the revolutionary
position that the Roman Catholic Church
must be overthrown. The Church took the
extreme position that all heretics (people
who did not accept the Roman Catholic
Church’s teachings) should be destroyed.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
The Reformation in Germany
Germany was the home of Martin Luther, and
northern Germany became strongly protestant.
 In this process, many north German princes
increased their own power at the expense of the
Catholic Church.
 Although Lutheranism drew support from a
broad social spectrum, Luther was forced to rely
on members of the nobility (princes) of the Holy
Roman Empire (to defend Lutheranism against
the Holy Roman Emperor- Charles V)
 Lutheranism also spread throughout Denmark,
Norway, Sweden and Finland

I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
The Reformation in England
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Henry VIII made himself the head of the Church of
England and seized Catholic Church lands and wealth.
He closed the English monasteries but he did not
change the liturgy (form of service) or sacraments.
Each of his three children ruled after him and each was
caught up in this complex religious situation.
First Edward VI increased the power of the Protestants.
Then Mary restored the pope as head of the English
Church.
Finally, Elizabeth influenced Parliament to declare her
the head of the Church of England.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Queen Elizabeth I of England
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
The Reformation in France

Calvinism spread quickly through France despite
the monarch’s opposition.

The French Calvinists were called Huguenots.
Between 1562 and 1598, there were many
conflicts between Huguenots and Catholics.

The bloodiest of these events was the St.
Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in which Catholics
organized the murder of 10,000 Huguenots.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
The Reformation in France
 In
1589, Henry of Navarre, a Huguenot
noble who converted to Catholicism,
became King of France.
 He
issued a decree called the Edict of
Nantes, which made Catholicism the
nations official religion but let also
Huguenots worship freely and participate
in politics.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Wars of Religion

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Social Significance of the Reformation
 Basic
and lasting changes in education
and the image and role of women.
 Reformation
implemented the educational
ideas of humanism. (study original sources
in the original language; Hebrew and
Koine Greek).
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Long Term Effects of the Reformation
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Council of Trent brought about internal
reforms and a clear listing of Church
doctrines.
A conservative response to the spread of
Protestantism.
"Men are to be changed by religion, not
change it!"
Reformed many of the previous abuses
in the Church.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Long Term Effects of the Reformation

The Inquisition was resurrected (especially
strong in Spain, resulted in the expulsion of
the Moors {Moriscos} back to North Africa and
the Jews {Maranos} to Italy and the Middle
East).

New reform orders (Theatines, Capuchins,
Ursulines, Modern Devotion, Oratorians).

Growth of mysticism movement (St. Theresa
of Avila, St. John of the Cross).

The Index of Forbidden Books.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Long Term Impact: The Rise of Nation-States

As nation-states became more powerful, people
began to think of themselves as English, French
or German instead of simply Christian.

Many Europeans began to resent the power that
the pope in Italy held over their fellow citizens.
Nobles in England and Germany were especially
resentful of the Pope’s power.

The Reformation strengthened state power over
religious authorities, thus supporting the rise of
distinctive nation-states.
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Note
 Charts/Maps/timelines
can be very helpful
in understanding the Reformation.
 Ex.
Refer to the Reformation Map and
Chart on page 434 in your World History
Book.
 Create
your own charts/diagrams
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal
Additional Terms to Know
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95 Thesis
transubstantiation
consubstantiation
cujus regio, ejus religio
canton
predestination
Anabaptists
theocracy
"Bloody Mary"
"Virgin Queen"
Act of Supremacy
John Knox
Protestant Union
Catholic League
I.B. History of the Americas II :: Session 2 :: The Renaissance :: Davis & Bakkal