Download Unit 4 Vocabulary - McKinney ISD Staff Sites

Unit 4 Vocabulary: Connecting Hemispheres
Renaissance & Reformation
 Renaissance: (15th-16th centuries) A rebirth of European culture that began
in the Italian city-states, with a spirit of inquiry, a rediscovery of classical
learning, & improvements in painting & architecture
 Secularism: Having no religious or spiritual basis; not pertaining to or
connected with religion; related to concerns of the world
 Leonardo da Vinci: a sculptor, inventor, painter, best known for the Mona
Lisa and Last Supper
 Michelangelo: a Florentine artist known for the David, Pieta, fresco
paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
 Humanism: A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied
classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
 Niccolo Machiavelli: a courtier & politician in Florence. Wrote The Prince, a
guidebook in how to secure and maintain political power
 Copernicus: (1473-1543) Polish astronomer who believed that the Earth
orbited the sun. His work was banned by the Church
 Galileo Galilei: (1564-1642) Italian scientist who studied motion. His
observations with a telescope confirmed the Copernican theory. He was tried
and convicted by the Church
 Johann Gutenberg: developed a printing press with movable type in
Germany around 1450
 Indulgences: a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin
 Martin Luther: (1483-1546) was a Augustinian monk who posted his 95
Theses on a church door in Germany
 95 Theses: attack against the church and challenged the Pope’s right to sell
indulgences
 John Calvin: (1509-1564) He began a new Protestant Church in Geneva
based on belief in predestination, faith as a key to salvation, and a strict
moral code
 Predestination: already decided by God
 Reformation: Movement begun in Germany by Martin Luther in 1517 in
which many Christians left the Catholic Church for Protestant Churches
 Counter-Reformation: was the period of Catholic revival beginning with the
Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years'
War (1648), and was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation.
 Council of Trent: a meeting of Roman Catholic leaders called by Pope Paul
III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant Reformation
 Elizabeth I: (1533-1603) English Queen who created a strong, centralized
monarchy based on national unity and a sharing power between monarchy
and Parliament
 Inquisition: A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting
charges of heresy-especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s
The Americas: Pre-Columbian Empires to Colonies
 Maya: A Pre-Columbian civilization in Guatemala & the Yucatan. They
cultivated corn and had achievements in building and the creation of a
numbering system
 Inca: A Pre-Columbian civilization in the Andes Mountains. The Inca excelled
at engineering, and developed new food crops like potatoes
 Aztec: A Pre-Columbian civilization in Central Mexico with a highly complex
social organization, a yearly calendar, and a tradition of human sacrifices
 Prince Henry: Prince of Portugal who developed a new, lighter sailing ship
and sponsored expeditions along the coast of Africa
 Christopher Columbus: (1451-1506) Italian sailor who sailed for Spain to
find a westward route to Asia. In 1492, instead of reaching the East Indies, he
landed in the Americas.
 Columbian Exchange: Exchange of products and idea between Native
Americans and Europe that developed out of the “encounter” by Columbus
 Vasco da Gama: discovered an all-water route from Europe to India by
sailing around the southern tip of Africa in 1497
 Ferdinand Magellan: Portuguese explorer, led the 1st expedition of ships to
circumnavigate the world
 Hernando Cortes: Was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that
caused the fall of the Aztec Empire
 Conquistadores: The Spanish soldiers, explorers, and fortune hunters who
took part in the conquest of the America in the 16th century
 Montezuma: Aztec emperor
 Francisco Pizarro: Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire
 Encomienda System: a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the
Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it
 Atlantic Slave Trade: (16th-19th centuries) buying, transporting, and selling
of Africans for work in the Americas
 “Middle Passage”: The voyage that brought captured Africans to the West
Indies, and later to North and South America, to be sold as slaves (middle leg
of the triangular trade)