Download KEY TERMS

KEY TERMS
1. Bourgeoisie: middle class created in the Renaissance that was made up of
bankers, merchants, artists and traders.
 After the Black Death subsided, and the population in Europe
started to increase, people moved to cities like Paris and this
middle class flourished to improve and increase trade through
Europe and Asia.
2. Humanism: The focus on human actions.
 When the Europeans started to focus on human nature, they
became hedonistic and focused only on worldly pleasures.
3. Mercantilism: The political/economical system in Europe after the decline
of Feudalism. It developed industry and mining to make a positive
balance of trade.
 Governments practiced mercantilism during the 16th, 17th and 18th
centuries in order to build up their military and industrial strength.
4. Amerigo Vespucci: An Italian explorer and navigator that made severe
expeditions to America with Columbus.
 He realized that America was not Asia and America was named
after him.
5. Portuguese Explorations: Portuguese made diverse explorations to Africa
during 1500’s in search for resources and new trade routes.
 The Cape of Good Hope located in South Africa was conquered by
Portuguese and with this they gained control over Trade in the
Southern hemisphere.
6. Revolution: The overthrow of one government and its replacement with
another.
 During the Copernican Revolution, Nicolaus Copernicus developed
a mathematical theory about how the earth revolves around the
sun.
7. Capitalism: An economic system based on competition, personal
ownership and a free market of the earnings in the production.
 This free market system made governments to be removed from
regularization in a process called laissez-faire capitalism.
 Hapsburg:
8. John Calvin: Leader of the Protestant Reformation.
 Geneva in Switzerland invited John Calvin to construct a protestant
theocracy in their city.
9. Counter Reformation: During the 16th century, it was a reformation of the
Catholic Church in order to win back people it has lost during Protestant
acclamations.
 The Church made clear that it is not ducking to Protestant
Demands, but rather illuminating their position.
10.Council of Trent: group of church officials that presided over the counterreform period until 1563, dictating and defining the Catholic
interpretation of religious doctrine.
 Because of this council, the Catholic Church gained power and
contained the southward spread of Protestantism.
11.Henry VIII: English king who had conflicts with the pope which led to the
start of a new branch of Christianity, Anglicanism.
 He created the Church of England, his daughter Elizabeth raised to
throne.
12.Elizabeth I of England: Henry VIII’s daughter who managed the golden age
in the arts known as the Elizabethan Age.
 She was declared as supreme ruler in England and was followed her
father´s thinking about Protestantism.
13.Tokugawa Shogunut: A strict and rigid movement during 1868 that ruled
Japan.
14.Encomienda System: It was a hierarchal organization of Spaniards in
America
 Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulatos.
15.Jesuit Order: practiced self-control and moderation, believing that prayer
and good works led to salvation.
 Some Jesuits were appointed by kings to be in high place positions
because of their oratorical and political skills.
16.Martin Luther: German monk that made a list of 95 theses the church,
Lutheranism
 Translated the Bible from Latin to German for people.
17.Renaissance: the restoration of classical architecture, art, literature and
learning in Europe.
 Baroque styles flourished during the Renaissance which symbolized
cultural diffusion.
18.Shogun: Chief general of feudalism in Japan
 Minamoto was the first Shogun
19.Leonardo Da Vinci: Italian painter and sculpture that portrayed the
human figure as realistic as possible.
 Leonardo Da Vinci’s most famous painting during 1490´s was called
“The Last Supper”
20.Scientific Revolution: Aristotle asserted that the Earth is the center of the
universe, and that the sun, stars and planets revolve around the Earth.
 Catholic Church reinforces the lack of scientific investigation,
Church focused on salvation.