Download Renaissance and Reformation Review

Renaissance and Reformation Review
Renaissance
Name______________________
The European period of rebirth and renewal of
interest in learning, the arts, and culture, following
the Middle Ages.
Humanism
A philosophical movement during the Renaissance
that stressed life on Earth, and the quality of being
human. Rejected living only for the afterlife of
Christianity.
Patron
Perspective
Wealthy supporter of artists
Technique used by Renaissance artists to create
depth in their paintings
Leonardo da Vinci
An amazing Renaissance man; an artist, sculptor,
engineer, inventor, scientist, and writer.
Mona Lisa
The Last Supper
Michelangelo
Famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci
Famous fresco painted by Leonardo da Vinci
Italian Renaissance genius (1475-1564); talented in
painting, sculpture, poetry, and architecture.
David
Sistine Chapel
Famous sculpture by Michelangelo
Ceiling in St. Peter’s Church painting by
Michelangelo
Raphael
Famous Renaissance artist
School of Athens
Machiavelli
Famous painting by Raphael
Florentine statesman and political theorist; in 1513
he wrote The Prince, proposing that a ruler must
cultivate a reputation for virtue and know how to gain
his end by wise use of power. Suggested that to
maintain power, the ruler may ignore what is morally
right and wrong, believing that "the end justifies the
means" in gaining and retaining power.
The Prince
A book of political advice written by Niccolo
Machiavelli during the Renaissance in which he
describes the methods that a prince should use to
acquire and maintain political power. This book was
used to defend policies of despotism and tyranny.
Machiavelli wrote that a ruler should take any action
to remain in power, or that “the ends justifies the
means.”
Political scientist
A person who studies the principles, processes, and
structure of government and of political institutions;
the study of politics.
Humanists
Intellectuals of the Renaissance who focused on
worldly [secular] subjects rather than on religious
issues
Sir Thomas More
A Renaissance English statesman who wrote
Utopia,. His opposition to King Henry VIII's oath of
supremacy led to his conviction and execution on
charges of high treason.
Erasmus
A Dutch humanist who called for reforms in the
church, challenging the worldliness of church
practices, and urged a return to early Christian
traditions.
Utopia
Book written by Sir Thomas More which proposed an
ideal society, fully employed, and in which everyone
had equal possessions
The Praise of Folly
Shakespeare
Famous work of Erasmus
English poet and playwright. He wrote 37 plays
between 1590 and 1613. His plays reflect the ideas
of individualism and the unconquerable human spirit,
and most of them are still performed today.
Cervantes
Spanish Renaissance writer. His greatest work is the
comedic tale Don Quixote.
Printing press
15th century European technology (found earlier in
Asia) that led to an increase in the availability of
books and with it an increase in literacy and spread
of information.
Printing revolution
Allowed books to be printed cheaper which allowed
more people to learn to read and write [increased
literacy]
Gutenberg Bible
A German inventor (1400's) of movable type for use
in printing.
First book printed in Europe with the printing press
Indulgence
Letters of forgiveness for one's sins provided by the
Johann Gutenberg
medieval Church, and one of the causes of the
Reformation.
Recant
To reject a belief or withdraw something previously
said.
Predestination
The idea of Calvinist Protestants that certain people
were pre-selected to go to heaven.
Theocracy
Government led by religious leaders, such as John
Calvin’s government in Geneva
Martin Luther
Theologian and religious reformer who started the
Reformation with his 95 Theses which protested
church corruption, namely the sale of indulgences.
95 Theses
The list of statements or propositions posted on the
door of Wittenberg's All Saints' Church by the
German cleric, Martin Luther. Luther challenged the
sale of indulgences by a monk named Tetzel, as well
as other corrupt practices of the Roman Catholic
Church. This single act is most responsible for the
Protestant Reformation.
Johann Tetzel
St. Peter’s Church
Priest who sold indulgences in Germany
Church in Rome; money from sale of indulgences
was used to rebuild
John Calvin
16th-century French scholar and theologian who
became a leader of the Protestant Reformation. His
Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) expressed
the idea of predestination: only those elected
beforehand by God would achieve salvation
John Knox
Religious reformer who help set up the Scottish
Presbyterian Church
Peace of Augsberg
1555- allowed each prince to decide which religion
(Catholic or Lutheran) would be followed in his land
Geneva
City-state where Calvin established his theocracy
Annul
To cancel [in terms of the Reformation- Henry VIII
asked the pope to annul his marriage]
Henry VIII
An English king who was initially a strong Catholic,
but who broke away from the Roman Catholic
Church over a dispute as to whether he could have a
divorce.
Church of England
Anglican Church
Act of Supremacy
Inquisition
Church created by Henry VII
The Church of England, a Protestant sect begun in
the 1500's under Henry VIII.
An act passed in 1584 by the English Parliament
giving the King the power to be the head of the
Church of England (Anglican Church).
A court set up by the Catholic Church to punish
heretics [people who go against Church teachings]
Council of Trent
Pope Paul III
Meeting of the Catholic Church during the period of
Counter-Reformation. The Council decided to reform
many of the activities of the Church but reaffirmed its
basic doctrines (ex. supremacy of the Pope).
Lead the Counter-Reformation by making reforms
within the Catholic Church
Catholic/Counter
Reformation
Ignatius of Loyola
An attempt by the Catholic Church to stop the spread
of Protestant ideas
Founded the Society of Jesus, the Order of the
Jesuits. He worked to combat the Protestant
Reformation by providing strong Catholic leadership
to monarchs across Europe.
St. Teresa of Avila
Jesuits
Created the order of Carmelite nuns
Order of priests founded by Ignatius of Loyola to
combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith
Scientific Revolution
An offshoot of the Renaissance in which scientists
questioned traditional beliefs about the workings of
the universe.
Heliocentric
Theory of the universe that states the sun is the
center, and that the earth revolves around it.
Copernicus
Theorized that the Earth orbited the Sun (heliocentric
system) and laid the foundations of modern
astronomy.
Kepler
German astronomer and mathematician.
Galileo
Italian astronomer. One of the founders of Europe's
scientific revolution, one of his main contributions is
the application of the telescope to astronomy. He
was able to prove Copernicus’ heliocentric model
correct.
Newton
English scientist who discovered gravitation,
invented calculus, and formulated the laws of motion.
Boyle
Distinguished between individual elements and
chemical compounds
Vesalius
Created the first accurate and detailed study of
human anatomy
Scientific Method
One of the main ideas to come out of the Scientific
Revolution was the use of the Scientific Method. The
Scientific Method uses observation and
experimentation to explain theories on how the
universe works.