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Chapter 14 The Expansive Realm of Islam Rise of Islam Flash Cards hajj Qur’an (Koran) Rise of Islam Flash Cards Ka’aba hadiths Rise of Islam Flash Cards Shi’a Sunni Rise of Islam Flash Cards hijrah Umayyads Rise of Islam Flash Cards Abbasids Dar al’Islam The Hijra Muhammad fled to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CE Year 0 in Muslim calendar Communal society (umma) Legal, spiritual code Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of umma The Quran Revelations rec’d during visions Written down c. 650 CE Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith The Ka’aba The Five Pillars of Islam No god but Allah Daily prayer Fasting during Ramadan Charity Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) Jihad “struggle” Against inner turmoil Against vice Against ignorance of Islam Islamic Law: The Sharia Codification of Islamic law Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysis Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity The Expansion of Islam Successful attacks on: Byzantium Sassanid territories Difficult to govern rapidly expanding territory The expansion of Islam, 632733 C.E. Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE) From Meccan merchant class Capital: Damascus, Syria Associated with Arab military aristocracy Policy toward Conquered Peoples Favoritism of Arab military rulers Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims Head tax on non-Muslims Umayyads live in luxury The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE) Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab Allied with Shia & non-Arab Muslims Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia Defeats Umayyad army in 750 Invited Umayyads, then massacred them Abbasid Administration Persian influence Court at Baghdad Influence of Islamic scholars Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786-809 CE) High point of Abbasid dynasty Baghdad center of commerce Great cultural activity Abbasid Decline Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid Provincial governers assert regional independence Dissenting sects, heretical movements Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility Later, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power behind the throne Economy of the Early Islamic World Spread of food and industrial crops Western diet adapts to wide variety New crops adapted Trade routes from India to Spain Agricultural sciences develop Cotton, paper industries develop Major cities emerge Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone Historical precedent of Arabic trade Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, 10th century Camel caravans Maritime trade Banking and Trade Scale of trade causes banks to develop Sakk (“check”) Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar alIslam promotes trade Joint ventures common Changing Status of Women Quran improves status of women Outlawed female infanticide Brides, not husbands, claim dowries Yet male dominance preserved Patrilineal descent Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition Islamic values Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam Establishment of madrasas Importance of the Hajj Sufi missionaries Asceticism, mysticism Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians Wide popularity Cultural influences on Islam Persia Adminstration and governance literature India Mathematics, science, medicine “Hindi” numbers Greece Philosophy, esp. Aristotle Ibn Rushd/Averroes (1126-1198)