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Chapter 14
The Expansive Realm of Islam
Rise of Islam
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hajj
Qur’an (Koran)
Rise of Islam
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Ka’aba
hadiths
Rise of Islam
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Shi’a
Sunni
Rise of Islam
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hijrah
Umayyads
Rise of Islam
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Abbasids
Dar al’Islam
The Hijra
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Muhammad fled to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CE
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Year 0 in Muslim calendar
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Communal society (umma)
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Legal, spiritual code
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Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of
umma
The Quran
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Revelations rec’d during visions
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Written down c. 650 CE
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Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith
The Ka’aba
The Five Pillars of Islam
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No god but Allah
Daily prayer
Fasting during Ramadan
Charity
Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)
Jihad
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“struggle”
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Against inner turmoil
Against vice
Against ignorance of Islam
Islamic Law: The Sharia
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Codification of Islamic law
Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of
analysis
Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of
human activity
The Expansion of Islam
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Successful attacks on:
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Byzantium
Sassanid territories
Difficult to govern rapidly expanding territory
The expansion of Islam, 632733 C.E.
Umayyad Dynasty
(661-750 CE)
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From Meccan merchant class
Capital: Damascus, Syria
Associated with Arab military aristocracy
Policy toward Conquered
Peoples
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Favoritism of Arab military rulers
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Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims
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Head tax on non-Muslims
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Umayyads live in luxury
The Abbasid Dynasty
(750-1258 CE)
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Abu al-Abbas
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Sunni Arab
Allied with Shia & non-Arab Muslims
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Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia
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Defeats Umayyad army in 750
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Invited Umayyads, then massacred them
Abbasid Administration
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Persian influence
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Court at Baghdad
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Influence of Islamic scholars
Caliph Harun al-Rashid
(786-809 CE)
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High point of Abbasid dynasty
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Baghdad center of commerce
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Great cultural activity
Abbasid Decline
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Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid
Provincial governers assert regional independence
Dissenting sects, heretical movements
Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility
Later, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power
behind the throne
Economy of the Early Islamic
World
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Spread of food and industrial crops
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Western diet adapts to wide variety
New crops adapted
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Trade routes from India to Spain
Agricultural sciences develop
Cotton, paper industries develop
Major cities emerge
Formation of a Hemispheric
Trading Zone
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Historical precedent of Arabic trade
Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes
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ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, 10th
century
Camel caravans
Maritime trade
Banking and Trade
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Scale of trade causes banks to develop
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Sakk (“check”)
Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar alIslam promotes trade
Joint ventures common
Changing Status of Women
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Quran improves status of women
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Outlawed female infanticide
Brides, not husbands, claim dowries
Yet male dominance preserved
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Patrilineal descent
Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden
Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice
Formation of an Islamic Cultural
Tradition
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Islamic values
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Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam
Establishment of madrasas
Importance of the Hajj
Sufi missionaries
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Asceticism, mysticism
Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians
Wide popularity
Cultural influences on Islam
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Persia
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Adminstration and governance
literature
India
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Mathematics, science, medicine
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“Hindi” numbers
Greece
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Philosophy, esp. Aristotle
Ibn Rushd/Averroes (1126-1198)