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Chapter 10
Muslim Civilizations
Section 1: The Rise of Islam
Section 1: The Rise of
Islam
• Islam
o Followers are called Muslim.
o Emerged in the Arabian Peninsula.
Muhammad becomes a Prophet
• Mecca
o A thriving center of trade
o Most Arabs prayed at the Kaaba to Pagan gods.
o Pilgrims made Mecca merchants wealthy.
o Born in Mecca around A.D. 570
• Early Life he worked as a shepherd among the
Bedouins.
o Later became a successful merchant
Mecca
Section 1: The Rise of
Islam
• At 25 Married a wealthy widow Khadija
• Who ran a caravan business
o Became known for his honesty.
• According to Muslim tradition he became a
prophet at age 40.
• When he was asked by the Angel Gabriel to become
God’s messenger.
• Muhammad became terrified and puzzled
o Thought how can a illiterate merchant, become the messenger
of God.
• Khadija encouraged him to accept the call
o Frist to call it Islam
Section 1: The Rise of
Islam
• Muhammad Devoted his life to spreading Islam
o He urged Arabs to give up their worship of
pagan gods and submit to the one true God.
• Allah
The Hija: A Turning Point
• At first few people listened to Muhammad
• In 622 he and his followers fled Mecca for Yathrib.
• Merchants were fearful that his teachings would
interrupt pilgrim trade.
• Also had a threat of Murder
• The Journey was known as the Hijra.
Section 1: The Rise of
Islam
• Yathrib would later be known as Medina.
• The Hijra was the turning point.
• In Medina, Muslim converts welcomed Muhammad
and agreed to spread his teachings
• They became the first umma or Muslim community
• Loyalty to the umma was based on Islam not old
family rivalries.
• Muhammad created rules that governed and
united Muslims and brought peace among the
clans of Medina
• Many Arabs began to adopt Islam due to
Muhammad’s reputation
Section 1: The Rise of
Islam
• Meccan leaders grew more hostile towards the
Muslims
o Muslims attacked several caravans and Meccans
prepared for War.
• After fighting battles with Meccans, Muhammad
returned to Mecca in 630
o He destroyed the idols in Kaaba
• Temple built by Abraham to worship the one true God.
• Rededicated it to Allah
o Became the holy place for Islam
• Muhammad died in 632.
• The faith continued to spread
• Today, Islam is a major world religion
Section 1: The Rise of
Islam
Teachings of Islam
• Islam is monotheistic
• The Quran, the scared text of Islam
o Teaches that God is all-powerful and compassionate
• Islam doesn’t require the priest to mediate between
the people and God.
• Muslims believe that God sends prophets
o Includes Abraham, Moses, and Jesus
o To Muslims, Muhammad was the latest and greatest
prophet
Section 1: The Rise of
Islam
Muslims Study the Quran
•
•
•
•
To Muslims, the Quran contains the scared word of
god as revealed to Muhammad.
The Quran teaches that about God’s will and
provides a guide to life.
Ethical standards emphasize honesty, generosity
and social justice.
According to the Quran, Each individual will stand
before God on the final judgment day
o
•
Faces either eternal punishment or eternal bliss in
paradise
Muslims believe that the Quran is the direct,
unchangeable word of God
Section 1: The Rise of
Islam
• All converts to Islam learn Arabic.
• Arabic is the shared language that helped to unite
Muslims from many regions of the world.
Muslims Follow Duties
• Muslims perform five basic duties
o First to declaration of faith
o Second Pray five times a day
• A mosques are were they gather to pray.
o Third is to give charity to the poor
o Fourth is to fast from sunrise to sunset during the holy month
of Ramadon
o Fifth make a Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca, if able
Section 1: The Rise of
Islam
o Another duty is a Jihad, or Struggle in God’s
service
o Jihad is a personal duty of a Muslim
o May take the form of a holy war
• Crusades
o A holy war may be declared for a community, not by an
individual
“People of the Book”
o Because Jews and Christians worship the same
God, Muslims call the “People of the Book.”
• Most cases have been allowed religious freedom in Muslim societies
Section 1: The Rise of
Islam
Section 1: The Rise of
Islam
Islam: A way of Life
• Islam is both a religion and a way of life.
• Sharia is a body of laws the interprets the Quran
and applies religious principles to legal situations.
• Helps Muslim societies govern daily life.
o Moral Conduct, family life, business practices, and government
• Doesn’t make a difference between criminal and civil law
Section 1: The Rise of
Islam
Impact on Women
•
•
•
•
Before the Islam, the position of women varied
In some communities women were very active
Most communities placed limited right on women
According to the Quran women are spiritually equal to
men.
• But they have different roles.
• Women were allowed to be educated so they could
read the Quran
• As Islam spread custom were added, The practice of
upper class women veiling was a Persian custom
o The Quran says women should dress moderately
o Rural women didn’t veil, because of work.
Section 2: Building A Muslim
Empire
Early Challenges to Islam
• Muslims faced many problems when Muhammad
died and didn’t name a successor
• Muslims eventually agreed that Abu Bakr as first
caliph
o Muhammad’s father in law
• Successor to Muhammad
o In 632 Abu Bakr became the first Caliph.
• United all Arab tribes as Muslims.
o Once united the Muslims defeated the Persians.
• And Parts of the Byzantine empire.
Section 2: Building A
Muslim Empire
• To some loyalty of some Arabs depended on
Muhammad’s personal command.
• Some Arabs refused to follow Abu Bakr and
withdrew loyalty to Islam
• Abu Bakr managed to unite the remaining Muslims
o Started and military campaigns
o Began to convert remaining Arab tribe to Islam
• End warfare and united them under one leader
• Issues arise.
o After Muhammad’s Death issues arose between Sunni and Shiite Muslims.
Section 2: Building A Muslim
Empire
Divisions Emerge within Islam
• Shiites
o Believe that Muhammad’s true successors must be descendants of his
son-in-law, Ali or Muhammad’s daughter Fatima
o They should also be religious leaders and interpret the Quran.
• Sunnis
o Believe that male Muslims from Muhammad’s tribe can lead without
performing religious functions.
o Inspiration comes from the example of Muhammad as recorded by his
early followers.
Section 2: Building A Muslim
Empire
• Today
o About 90% of Muslims are Sunni.
o Both groups believe in the same God, the Quran, and the five pillars of
Islam.
o They differ in religious practices, laws, and rules about daily life.
o A third group the Sufis,.
Sufis
• meditate and fast to gain communion with God
•
They spread Islam by traveling, preaching and being good examples
to others.
Section 2: Building A
Muslim Empire
Sunni Umayyad
 In the 700’s, a powerful clan set up the Sunni Umayyad
caliphate.
 They directed conquest that extended the Muslim empire.
▪ From Spain to the Indus River Valley.
 The empire last until 750.
Expanding the Muslim Empire
• From Egypt, Arab armies moved west, defeating the Byzantine
forces across North Africa
• Crossed into Spain in 731, moved towards France
• Defeated by the Frankish at the Battle of Tours, 732
Section 2: Building A
Muslim Empire
Reasons for Muslim Success
• One weakness of the Byzantine and Persian Empires
o Fought each into exhaustion
• Second Arabs’ bold, efficient, fighting methods
o Mounted cavalry and mobile offensives
Treatment of Conquered People
 They imposed a special tax on non-Muslims.
▪
But Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians could still worship.
▪ The Umayyads didn’t force “People of the Book” to
convert
▪
Tax was used to support the Arab armies
▪ Christians and Jews had important roles
▪
Doctors, officials and translators
Section 2: Building A
Muslim Empire
• Were urged to remain separate from native
populations
• In time, many non-Muslims convert to Islam
o To gain political and economic power
• In later centuries Islam spread to Turkey and Central
Asia
o Turks and Mongols
Decline of the Umayyad Caliphate
• Umayyads begin to decline (fall in 750)
1.
2.
Arabs had to adapt from living in the deserts to ruling huge territories.
Ruled like tribal leaders instead of kings.
Section 2: Building A
Muslim Empire
• They often relied on non-Arab officials to help rule
their land.
• Economic tensions rose between the wealthy and
the poor when wealthy conquests began to slow
down. (Caliphs continued to lived luxuriously)
Section 2: Building A
Muslim Empire
Rise of the Abbasid Dynasty
• Abu al-Abbas, descendent from Muhammad’s
uncle
o
o
o
o
o
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Ended conquest.
Treated all Muslims equal
Supported Education and learning.
Enjoyed a golden age with a more efficient government .
Capital to Baghdad from Damascus
Influenced by Persian traditions.
Mosques with minarets graced the cities.
Markets sold good from afar.
Section 2: Building A
Muslim Empire
Muslim Culture in Spain
• Separate Muslim state
o In Spain the Umayyads established a separate state.
o Muslims ruled parts of Spain until 1492.
o Were tolerant of other religions, supported scholars, and constructed
grand buildings.
Section 2: Building A
Muslim Empire
The Muslim Empires Decline
o As the empire declined, independent dynasties took over.
o Seljuk Turks gained power and their sultan controlled Baghdad by 1055.
• Kept the Abbasid caliph as a figurehead.
o In 1216 the Mongols attacked across SW Asia.
• Genghis Khan
• Burned Baghdad in 1258 ending the Abbasid dynasty
• Adopted Islam
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
• Under the Abbasids, Muslim civilization absorbed
tradition from many cultures.
o Cities from Baghdad to Cordoba, Spain
• Many people lived under Muslim rule
o Included Jews and Christians
• The works produced by Abbasid period
shaped Muslim culture and civilization
• Christian European scholars began to study
Muslim philosophy, art, science.
o Reintroduced ideas of Greco-Roman civilization
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
Social and Economic Advances
• Muslim rulers united diverse cultures
o Arabs, Persians, Egyptian, African, and European. Later,
Mongols, Turks, Indians and Southwest Asians.
o Continued to absorb and blend many traditions
Muslims Build an International trade Network
• Merchants were honored in Muslim culture
o Muhammad was a merchant
• Between 750 and 1350 merchants built a
vast trading network across Muslims lands
and beyond
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
• Camel caravans “Ships of the Desert” crossed the
Sahara into West Africa.
• Muslim, Jewish and Christian traders traveled the Silk
road towards China
• Monsoons carried Arab ships from East Africa to
India and Southeast Asia.
• Trade spread products, technologies, knowledge
and culture.
• Muslim merchants introduced an Indian number
system into the Western World
o Later know was Arabic numerals
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
• Traders also carried sugar from India and
papermaking from China
o Introduced Islam to these areas
• As people converted, Arabic spread and
helped the global exchange to grow.
• Muslims began to create partnerships
• Began to buy and sell credit
o Banks began to form
o Open branch banks in all major cities
o Baghdad to Cairo
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
Manufacturing Goods are Highly Valued
• In Muslim cities guilds developed like in Medieval
Europe
o Head of guilds, chosen by members
• Had the authority to regulate prices, weights and m
and measures, methods of production and quality of
product
o Work done by waged workers
o Goods are demanded around Muslim world.
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
Agriculture Thrives
• Outside of cities agriculture flourished across a
variety of climates and landforms
• Both Umayyad and Abbasid rulers took step to
preserve and extend agricultural lands
• Small farming communities face the scarcity of
water.
• The Abbasid organized massive irrigation projects
and drained swampland between the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers.
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
• Farmers also began to produced goods for far off
markets.
o Sugar cane, cotton, medicinal herbs and flowers
• The desert continued to support nomads
who lived in the desert.
o Herders bought dates and grains from farmers
o Farmer got meat, wool, and hides
• Herders also provide pack animals and
guide for the caravan trade
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
Social Structure and Slavery
• Muslim society in the 700’s and 800s were more
open than Christian Europe
• Muslim has some social mobility
• People could improve their rank through religious,
scholarly or military achievements
• Slavery was a common institution in Muslim lands,
o Islamic law encouraged freeing of slaves as an act of
charity
o Slaves were often from conquered lands, because Muslims
were not to enslave other Muslims
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
• If a slave converted to Islam they didn’t become
free
• A female slave who bore a child by her Muslim
owner gained freedom upon masters death
• Children born of a slave mother and a free father
were also considered free.
• Most slaves worked as household servants, some
were skilled artisans
• Abbasid caliph created Turk Slave-Soldiers
• Men were often educated under Islamic law
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
Muslim Arts, Literature and Architecture
• Muslim art and literature reflected the diverse
traditions of various people who lived under Muslim
rule
• The great work of literature was the Quran
• The Quran banned the worship of idols
• Muslim religious leader forbade artists to portray
God or human figures in religious art
o Gave Islamic art a distinctive style
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
Poetry and Tales of Adventure
• Arabs had a rich tradition of oral poetry
• Poets chanted dangers of desert journeys, joys of
battle or the glories of their clans
• Important theme are Chivalry and the romance of
nomadic life.
• Later Arab poets develop a elaborate formal rules
and explore both religious and worldly themes
• Arab writers also prized the art of storytelling
• Also gathered and adapted stories from Indian,
Persian, Greek, Jewish, Egyptian and Turkish sources
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
Religious Buildings
• Domed mosques and high minarets dominate
Muslims cities
o Adapted from Byzantine
o Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, 668
• Inside the dome is decorated with
elaborate abstract, geometric patterns
• Muslim artists perfected skills in calligraphy
o Verses from the Quran to decorations on building
Dome of the Rock in
Jerusalem
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
Nonreligious Art
• Some artists painted human and animal figures in
nonreligious art
• Arabic scientific works and literary works
• Later Persian, Turkish and Indian Artists painted
miniatures to illustrate books of poems and fables
Muslims Seek Knowledge
• Although Muhammad could not read or write, he
respected learning
• Both Girls and Boys received elementary education
o Skills needed to study the Quran
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
Centers of Learning
• Al-Mamun and later caliphs established Baghdad
as the greatest center of Islamic learning.
• Its libraries attracted well paid and highly respected
scholars.
• Cairo, Cordoba, and Timbuktu were also known as
center of Islamic Learning
• In these cities scholars advances in philosophy,
math, medicine and other areas.
• Also preserved the learning from earlier civilization
by translating ancient Persian, Sanskrit and Greek
texts into Arabic
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
Philosophy and History
• Muslim scholars translated works of the Greek
philosophers, as well the Hindu and Buddhist texts
o Tried to harmonize Greek Idea about reason with religious
beliefs on divine revelation
• In Cardoba, the philosopher Inb Rushd
(Averroe) Put all known except the Quran to
the test of reason.
• His writings about Aristotle were translated in Latin and
influenced Christian scholars in Europe
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
• Ibn Khaldun set standards for scientific study of
History
o He stressed economic and social structures as a cause of
historical events
o Also warned about common causes of error in historical
writings
• Bias, exaggeration and overconfidence in the
accuracy of sources
• Urged historians to trust sources only after a thorough
investigation
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
Mathematics
• Al-Khwarizmi, pioneered the study of algebra
o Wrote a book in the 800s that became a standard
mathematic textbook in Europe
o Also developed a set of astronomical tables based on
Greek and Indian discoveries.
Medicine
• Built upon the knowledge of the Ancient
Greeks
• Muslims made advancements in medicine
and public health
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
• Under the caliphs, physicians and pharmacist had
to pass a test before they could practice in their
profession
• The government set up hospitals, with emergency
rooms
• Physicians travelled to rural areas to provide
healthcare to those who could not get to the city
o Also visited jails
• Muhammad al-Razi, head physician at
Baghdad’s chief hospital
o Pioneered the study measles and smallpox
o Treated the mind as well as the body(challenged previous
practices)
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
o He thought if doctors were hopefully with their patients,
recovery would happen quicker
• The Persian doctor Ibn Sina
o Created the Canon on Medicine
• Greek, Arab and his ideas about treating and
diagnosing diseases.
• Other Muslims surgeons developed a way to
treat cataracts
o Using a hollow needle to remove fluid
• Arab Pharmacists were the first to mix bitter
medicines into sweet-tasting syrups and
gums
Section 3: Muslims
Civilization’s Golden Age
• European physicians began to attend Muslim
universities in Spain.
• Arabic medical text were translated into Latin
• The works of Ibn Sina and al-Razi became the
standard medical textbook at European schools for
500 years
Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
The arrivals of Islam brought changes to India as great
as great as those caused by the Aryan migration.
The Delhi Sultanate
• After the Gupta empire fell about 550, India fell
again into fragmented into local kingdom
• Rival princes battled for control of the Northern
plain
The Sultan of Delhi Defeat the Hindus
• By 1100’s Muslims controlled Northern India.
o A sultan established Delhi as the capital of the Delhi sultanate.
o Muslim attacks included onslaughts that killed many Hindus and
destroyed Buddhist Temples.
Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
• Sultan of Ghur defeated the Hindus and made
Delhi the capital
• The Delhi Sultanate lasted from 1206 to 1526
o Marked the start of Muslim rule in northern India
• The Muslims won because of the mounted
archers that greater mobility than the Hindu
forces
o Hindus forces used slow moving war elephants
• Also the Hindu princes wasted resources
fighting each other instead of a common
enemy
Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
• A large number of lower caste Hindu’s convert to
Islam and fight against Indian Hindu’s.
• It was their only hope for a better life.
Muslim Rule Changes Indian Government and Society
• Sultans introduce Muslim traditions of government.
• Many Turks, Persians, and Arab migrated to India to
serve as soldiers
• Many Muslim’s moving to Delhi from Baghdad,
o Including scholars and adventurers
o Due to Mongol raids in the 1200s
o Bring Persian and Greek learning to new areas
• Persian art and architecture with flourish
Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
The Sultans lose power
• 1398- Tamerlane invades India. (descendent to
Genghis Khan)
o Plundered and smashed the Northern plain and Delhi
• Thousands of artisans enslaved. They are to build
Tamerlane’s capital at Samarkand.
• Northern India is again fragmented into rival Hindu
and Muslim states.
Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
Muslims and Hindus Clash
• Clash
o Hindu and Muslim religious beliefs clashed and created many
conflicts.
o Muslims worshiped a single god, while Hindus prayed to several.
o Hindus accepted the caste system, while Islam promoted
equality.
o Hindus celebrate religion with music and dance, a practice not
found in Islam
• Blended
o Gradually the cultures blended.
o Muslim rulers allowed Hindus to practice their religion.
o Some rajahs continued governing.
Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
A Blending of Cultures
• Muslim leaders grow more tolerant of their Hindu
subjects.
• Hindus were allowed to practice their religion as
long as they paid a poll tax.
• Some Rajahs- local Hindu rulers, were left in place.
• Indian Muslims would absorb elements of the Hindu
culture, such as marriage customs and caste ideas.
• Urdu- new language (blended Persian, Hindi and
Arabic)
• Sikhism a new religion developed that combined
Muslim and Hindu ideas.
Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
Mughal India
• In 1526, Turks and Mongols poured into India
through the mountain passes
• Babur, claimed descent from Genghis Khan and
Tamerlane.
o Poet and author
Babur founds the Mughal dynasty
o Babur a great Muslim leader.
o Defeated armies of the Delhi sultanate and established the Mughal
dynasty.
• It ruled from 1526-1857
o Lands included much of the Indian subcontinent.
o Akbar ruled the Mughal dynasty from 1556-1605.
Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
Akbar the Great
• Chief builder of the Mughal empire is Babur’s
grandson, Akbar.
• Akbar created a strong central government.
• He was a Muslim that won support from the Hindus
because of his policy of toleration.
o Ended tax on non-muslim
• Opened government jobs to Hindus of all castes.
• Hindu princes were partners in ruling the empire.
• Akbar would marry a Hindu princess
Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
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•
•
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Could not read or write.
Consulted leaders of many religions.
Wanted religious harmony and toleration
Wants all to accept India’s diversity
Modernized the army
Encouraged International trade
Standards weight and measures
Introduced land reforms
Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
Akbar’s Successor.
• Nur Jahan (Akbar’s son’s wife) managed the
government after Akbar died.
• Most powerful woman in Indian history until the 1900’s.
• The height of Mughal literature, art, and
architecture came during the reign of Akbar’s
grandson, Shah Jahan.
• As a tomb for his wife he built the Taj Mahal.
• Highpoint of Indian literature and art comes under
Jahan
• Married to Mumtaz Mahal
o She died at age 39 after having 14 children.
o Builds a tomb for her, Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal
• Designed by a Persian architect
• Domes and minarets reflected in clear blue
reflecting pools.
• Verses from the Quran adorn the inside walls.
• The greatest monument of the Mughal empire.
Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires
• Shah Jahan planned to build a twin structure as a
tomb for himself.
• But before he could, his son seized the throne.
• Shah Jahan was kept imprisoned until his death.
Section5: Ottoman and
Safavid Empires
• While the Mughals Ruled India, two other dynasties
dominated the Middle east
Ottoman and Safavid
• The Mughals, Ottomans and Safavid owe their
success to the weapons that changed warfare
o Cannons, and later muskets
Section5: Ottoman and
Safavid Empires
Ottoman: Selim I
(ruled 1512-1520)
• took control of
Mesopotamia, Egypt,
and Arabia – included
Jerusalem, Mecca, and
Madinah.
• took the title of caliph
• Extended empire from
Black Sea to Red Sea to
Strait of Gibraltar.
• little impact on North
Africa.
• Appointed Pashas
Ottoman: Suleiman I
• expanded into Europe and the
western Med. Sea.
• He was a great military commander,
but he known for his legislation as well.
• He codified Ottoman law keeping
Islamic faith, took into account
Christian inhabitants of the Empire,
addressed taxes, and built more
schools.
• married a harem girl from Poland,
Roxelana, and had 5 children with her.
• executed his eldest son Mustafa
• Roxelana’s son Selim took power when
Suleiman died in 1566.
Section5: Ottoman and
Safavid Empires
Section5: Ottoman and
Safavid Empires
Section5: Ottoman and
Safavid Empires
Section5: Ottoman and
Safavid Empires
Section5: Ottoman and
Safavid Empires
Section5: Ottoman and
Safavid Empires
Section5: Ottoman and
Safavid Empires