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Abbasid Decline and Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Spread of Islamic Civilization • 1. The Islamic heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Era • 2. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements • 3. The Coming of Islam of South Asia • 4. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras • Abbasid Empire weakened, 9th-13th centuries – Peasant revolts • Al-Mahdi (775-785) – Shi’a unreconciled – Succession not secure The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras • Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes – Harun al-Rashid • Son of Al-Mahdi • The Thousand and one Nights • Barmicides – Persian Advisors • Death followed by the civil war – Al-Ma’mun Imperial Breakdown and Agrarian Disorder • Civil Unrest • Caliphs Build Lavishly – Tax Burden increase – Agriculture suffers The Declining position of Women in the Family and Society • Seclusion, veil • Polygyny Nomadic Incursions and the Eclipse of Caliphal Power • Former Province threaten Abbasids • Buyids, Persia – Take Baghdad, 945 – Sultans • Seljuk Turks – 1055, Defeated the Buyids – Sunnis • Shi’a Purges – Defeat Byzantines, Egypt The Impact of the Christian Crusades • 1096, western European Christian Knights – Small Kingdoms established • Saladin retakes lands – Last in 1291 The Full Flowering of Persian Literature • Persian the court Language – Administration, literature • Arabic in religion, law, science • Calligraphy • Firdawsi – Shah- Nama • Epic Poem • Sa’di • Omar Kayyan – Rubaiyat Achievements in Science • Math – Build on Greek work • Chemistry – Experiments • Al-Razi • Al-Biruni – Specific weights • Medicine – Hospitals – Courses of Study Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion • Sufis – Mysticism • Ulama – Conservation – Against outside influences – Greek Philosophy rejected • Qur’an Sufficient – Al-Ghazali • Synthesis of Greek, Qur’anic Ideas • Opposed by Orthodoxy New Waves of Nomadic Invasions and the ne of the Caliphate • Mongols – Chinggis Khan • Hulegu • 1258, Baghdad falls – Last Abbasid Killed The Coming of Islam to South Asia • By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central • Conflict between two different system – Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism – Muslim Egalitarianism v. India cast system Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasion • First as traders, 8th century – Attacks lead to invasion • Muhammad ibn Qasim – Umayyad general – Takes Sind, Indus Valley – Indian treated as Dhimmi Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization • Science, math, medicine, music, astronomy – India influences Arab From Booty to Empire: The second wave of Muslim Invasions • 10th century, Turkish dynasty established in Afghanistan – Mahmud of Ghazni • Begin invasion of India • Muhammad of Ghur – Persian – State of Indus – Thence of Bengal – His Lieutenant, Quta-ud-Din Aibak • Forms state at Delhi • Delhi Sultanate rules for 300 years Patterns of Conversion • Converts especially among Buddhists , lower castes, untouchables – Also, conversion to escape taxes • Muslim fleeing Mongols, 13th, 14th centuries Patterns of Accommodation • High-Caste Hindus remain apart – Muslims also often fail to integrate Islamic Challenge and Hindu Revival • Bhakti – Devotional Cults – Emotional Approach – Caste Distinctions dissovled – Shiva, Vishnu, Kali especially • Mira Bai, Kabir – Songs in regional languages Stand off: the Muslim Presence in India at the End of the Sultanate Period • Brahmins v Ulama – Separate communites The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia • Shrivijaya • Trading Contacts and Conversion – Trading leads to peaceful conversion • Sufis Important • Starting with Sumatra ports The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia • Malacca – Thence to Malaya, Sumatra, Demak (Java) • Coastal Cities especially receptive – Buddhist elites, but population converts to Islam • Sufi Mystics and the Nature of Southeast Asian Islam