* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download an Islamic Empire
Islam and Mormonism wikipedia , lookup
Reception of Islam in Early Modern Europe wikipedia , lookup
Islam and war wikipedia , lookup
Islamofascism wikipedia , lookup
Gender roles in Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islamic democracy wikipedia , lookup
Criticism of Islamism wikipedia , lookup
Islamic ethics wikipedia , lookup
History of early Islamic Tunisia wikipedia , lookup
Islam and violence wikipedia , lookup
Islamic Golden Age wikipedia , lookup
Morality in Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam and secularism wikipedia , lookup
Islamic socialism wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Afghanistan wikipedia , lookup
War against Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam and Sikhism wikipedia , lookup
Origin of Shia Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam and other religions wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Indonesia wikipedia , lookup
Schools of Islamic theology wikipedia , lookup
Political aspects of Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Bangladesh wikipedia , lookup
Spread of Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islamic schools and branches wikipedia , lookup
Medieval Muslim Algeria wikipedia , lookup
Soviet Orientalist studies in Islam wikipedia , lookup
History of Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam and modernity wikipedia , lookup
Middle East & the Spread of Islam First Global Civilization? Chapter 6 & 7 Pg. 126-160 Define Bedouin Arab Islam Muslim Pre-Islamic Arab World Arabian Peninsula = harsh desert • Cities • Towns • Bedouins Clans: Rivalry & Vengeance Harsh climate = dependence on clan Social cohesion reinforced by warriors, control of pastureland, & water Bedouin woman Bedouins on the move from oasis to oasis Towns & Trade Several key towns arose near Red Sea as a result of transcontinental trade • Mecca • Medina Marriage & Family Bedouin women enjoyed higher status than neighbors In urban environments, women’s status was much lower Poets & Gods Because of the harsh environment… • Material culture neglected in favor of oral poetry • Animistic polytheism Genesis of Islam Byzantine & Persian empires in N & E Mesopotamia struggled against each other to expand influence • Bedouins face crisis Muhammad rises to challenge • Meditation → Revelation → Quran Islam is born! Persecution, Flight, Victory Muhammad threatens the status of Mecca’s Umayyad clan • Fled to Medina & earns new converts Muhammad returns to Mecca smashing idols in Kaba • Islam reigns supreme Arabs & Islam Islam addresses needs & weaknesses of Arab society Universal Elements of Islam Islamic beliefs yield universal appeal • Five Pillars Question: Assess the influence of each of the Five Pillars on the spread of Islam. • What are the intended & un-intended consequences of these practices spiritually? culturally? globally? the Kaba Umayyad: an Arab Empire Consolidation & Division Muhammad died in 632 w/o appointing successor, creating a crisis • Caliph Position to be filled by Ali or Abu Bakr Abu Bakr = 1st Caliph • Led rapid expansion of Arab empire Motives for Arab Conquests Arab warriors driven to conquest for wealth & glory rather than jihad Weakness of the Adversaries Persia – weakened from war & manipulation Byzantium – weakened from war & resentful minority groups Succession Problem → Sunni-Shia Factionalism resulted from confusion over succession between Ali & Umayyad clan Deep divisions: • Sunni • Shia Umayyad Imperium Built extensive empire from Spain to Central Asia Maintained control through Arab minority Converts & “People of the Book” Converts not treated as full citizens “People of the book” taxed, but allowed to keep religions & communities intact Umayyad Family & Gender Roles Women enjoyed stronger status under Muhammad’s leadership during the early years of Islam Umayyad Decline Caused by: 1. Alienated followers by becoming aloof, corrupt, & decadent 2. Failed to integrate non-Arabs & dissents ↳Sparked revolt in Persia among Abbasid Questions Assess the validity of the claim that “The empire built from Umayyad conquests was Arab rather than Islamic.” Abbasid: an Islamic Empire Signs of things to come: • Brutal treatment of Umayyad → absolutist • Capital in Baghdad → strong Persian influence • Growing power of wazir → bureaucratization Islamic Conversion Abbasid era saw full integration of citizens & converts Town & Country Abbasid age saw urbanization & expansion of trade Rural estates prospered: • Large estates – ayan, enriched warriors • Slave labor First Flowering of Learning Islamic civilization made key contributions in art, religion, law, philosophy, science, & math • Greece Global Connections Islam presents the unprecedented rise of backwater nomads to global empire Abbasid: later in the Heartlands Key problems surface as early as 3rd Abbasid caliph Imperial Extravagance Harun al-Rashid’s reign proved pivotal in extravagance & succession • Court factionalism • Rise of Turk mercenaries Imperial Breakdown Extravagance & succession disputes fed spiraling financial problems Abbasid Family & Women Rise of harem & veil meant high class women were increasingly uneducated & secluded • Contrast w/ slaves Nomadic Incursions With caliph in disorder, Abbasid splintered into regional kingdoms • Buyids capture Baghdad in 945 • Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad in 1055 Questions Compare and contrast the Umayyad and Abbasid. • Which is more significant? Why? • Assess the validity of calling the later period of the Muslim empire, “Abbasid.” Impact of Christian Crusaders Series of Christian crusades attempt to capture holy land starting in 1096 • Europeans established series of small kingdoms in Eastern Med. until 1291 Crusades had much larger impact on Europe by intensifying exchange Age of Learning & Art Full Flowering of Persian Lit As Persians gained greater power, Persian language became language of high culture • EX – history, poetry, mystical revelations Achievements in Sciences Abbasid era established itself as most technologically & scientifically advanced Religious Trends & Expansion Contradictory religious trends reflect paths in society • Orthodoxy • Sufi movement New Nomadic Invasion & Fall 13th century dominated by Mongol invaders • Baghdad & Abbasid fall in 1258 Questions What seems to be the key in determining status and freedoms of women? • Support your answer with examples from the text.