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UNIT 3 REGIONAL & TRANSREGIONAL INTERACTIONS 20% 600ce To 1450ce ISLAM SPREAD OF ISLAM 7 th century: Largest, most expansive, and most widely influential of the new civilizations The Muslims dominate trade, astronomy, mathematics, science, and philosophy throughout the era. “Came closer than any had ever come to uniting all mankind under its ideals” Egypt, Persia, Mesopotamia, India, West Africa, East Africa, Spain, SE Europe Resistance/Reconstruction to spread of Islam Byzantine – 1453 – Ottoman Turks China – 589-1279 – Sui, Tang, Song India – Hinduism/Caste ARABIAN PENINSULA PRE-ISLAM ARABIA Peoples were mostly settled (i.e. farmers) What about the nomads though? Present, not prevalent. Important for their hand in making caravan trade possible Brought Arabs into contact with Byzantine/Sasanid civilizations Polytheists: Mecca was a caravan city and cult center (Ka’ba worshipped by nomads as it enshrined their idols) PRE-ISLAMIC SILK ROADS: ARABIA NOT IMPORTANT BIRTH OF ISLAM SILK ROADS TRADE IN THE 8 TH CENTURY MUHAMMAD IN MECCA Born in Mecca, orphan, became involved in caravan trade 610: Revelations of Allah Message? There is one god, Allah, and that those who submit to him (“Islam”) go to heaven, those that don’t, hell 622: “Hijra” = flee to Medina (so important, marks year 0 on Islamic Calendar) Muhammad chased out of Mecca; forms a community ( umma) in Medina Refocus the faith, no longer tied to Judaism/Jerusalem, focus of prayer is now turned to Mecca Muhammad Abu Bakr 630: Islamic community took back Mecca; religious/political power is born Bakr took over the umma as successor (“Caliph”) to Muhammad Reestablished Muslim authority over Arabs; codified Quran Question of Succession Umayyad Caliphate est. 661 after civil war caused by assassination of 3 rd Caliph Shi’ite descendants of Ali (1 st cousin/son-in-law); Sunni most capable (Umayyad) -570-632 BCE -Offshoot of Judaism + Christianity -Originated in ME -Mainly: ME, N Africa, S Asia -1.2 billion ISLAM 1 .3b today (940 Sunni) Founded by Muhammad 622CE in Saudi Arabia Monotheistic – Allah Codified in the Qur’an Humans must submit (islam) to the will of God to gain paradise after death Afterlife? Paradise or Hell Beliefs: Five Pillars of Faith Faith, Prayer, Alms, Pilgrimage, Fasting No alcohol or pork Countries with the Largest Muslim Population 1. Indonesia 183,000,000 6. Iran 62,000,000 2. Pakistan 134,000,000 7. Egypt 59,000,000 3. India 121,000,000 8. Nigeria 53,000,000 4. Bangladesh 114,000,000 9. Algeria 31,000,000 66,000,000 10. Morocco 29,000,000 5. Turkey * Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the world. Islam An Abrahamic Religion Muslims are strict monotheists. They believe in the JudeoChristian God, which they call Allah. Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is the word of God. ”Peoples of the Book” THE ORIGINS OF ISLAM The Prophet: His Life and Teaching Visited by Angel Gabriel in 610 C.E. at age forty; visits continued for twenty years This is how the truth is transmitted After Muhammad’s death, his words were memorized and written down as the Quran Quran regarded as absolute, uncorrupted word of God THE ORIGINS OF ISLAM The Five Pillars of Islam 1. The Shahada The testimony. The declaration of faith: There is no god worthy of worship except God, and Muhammad is His Messenger [or Prophet]. 2. The Salat The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed Wash before praying. Face Mecca and use a prayer rug. 3. The Zakat Almsgiving (charitable donations). Muslims believe that all things belong to God. Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.” About 2.5% of your income. 4. The Sawm Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan. Considered a method of selfpurification. No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan. 5. The Hajj The pilgrimage to Mecca. Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime. 2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year. SUNNI VS. SHIA (SHI’ITES) Problem of successor to Muhammad initially met by election of close associates as caliph Sunni-Shi’a Division… Should caliph be from Muhammad’s family [Shi’ites] or from Ummayid clan of recent caliphs [Sunni] ? Two Shi’a caliphs were assassinated and war broke out 11 Shi’a imams or caliphs were assassinated in all Hereditary line of Muhammad’s family ended with the disappearance of the “twelfth imam” Office of caliph no longer exists but dispute continues About 83% of Muslims are Sunni today -1469-1538CE -Mainly: India’s Punjab Province -20 million Hinduism KARMA + REINCARNATION Rejects the Caste System Islam MONOTHEISTIC Equality of Men + Women God: Creator, sustainer + destroyer Goal: Salvation through meditation + charity Rejects: Formal religious rituals SACRED SONG OF THE SIKHS ‘MAY THE PASSIONS OF LUST, ANGER, GREED, PRIDE AND ATTACHMENT DEPART FROM ME. O LORD, I COME TO SEEK THY SHELTER. BLESS ME WITH THY GRACE.’ Based on the prayer above, what values are important to Sikhs? DIFFUSION OF ISLAM Islamic Civilization (so, obviously, Post -Islam Arabia) Appealed to nearly everyone! 1. Monotheistic 2. Established legal code (“Shari’a”) based on Quran 3. Based on a community (“umma”) DIFFUSION OF ISLAM Islamic Civilization (so, obviously, Post -Islam Arabia) 1. Largely egalitarian (all Muslims are brothers and sisters and shared the same moral values) Women Muslim women were veiled and secluded as they had been previously in the Byzantine and the Sasanid Empires Women could be influential in the family, but only female slaves could have public role or appear in public before men Rights under Shari’a law To inherit and own property; To divorce and remarry; To testify in court; To go on pilgrimage Homosexuality was not permitted by Islam; however, some rulers/poets advocated male homosexuality Slavery Could not enslave ‘People of the Book’ (Ch/J/Z/M) except for POWs Slave status not hereditary 2. Non-Muslims taxed more than Muslims ($$$$$) DIFFUSION OF ISLAM Motive for Arab Conquest 1. Islamic Unity Region was previously divided amongst foreign rulers 2. Bedouin heritage Culture conflict (the warrior was a praised occupation) 3. Wealth ($$$$$) 4. Not to spread Islam (so not Jihad (“holy war”)) DIFFUSION OF ISLAM Arab forces of conquest Organized into regularly paid armies kept in military camps to not overrun the countryside Arab Muslims = minority rulers Taxed but did not try to convert non-Muslim societies As the Islamic Arabs spread their dominance, they took on a great many Persian influences Islam ruler: “The Persians ruled for a thousand years and did not need us Arabs even for a day. We have been ruling them for on or two centuries and cannot do without them for an hour.” DOME OF THE ROCK In 621 , Muhammad travelled from Mecca to Jerusalem where he led the people in prayer. Next, he ascended to the 7 Circles of Heaven where he sees the other prophets (Abraham, John the Baptist, Moses, Jesus, etc.). It is on the site of Muhammad’s ascension that the Dome of the Rock was constructed in 691 . The “Rock” that is housed inside is believed to be the spot of Muhammad’s ascension. The spot is also one of the holiest sites in Judaism (who believe it is the spot where Abraham attempted to sacrifice his son, Isaac). Octagonal in design, the Dome of the Rock was designed to compete with Christian and Jewish buildings in Jerusalem. It was meant to be a site for pilgrims, not an actual mosque. UMAYYAD CALIPHATE Reigned 661-750 Overthrown in 750 although one branch of the family kept Spain Arab, not Muslim empire Byzantine & Sasanid Both wealthy, vast empires, but had fought each other the past 300 years and Sasanids just hit by a plague Administered their territory through the est. systems already in place Gradually brought in Muslim bureaucrats and Arabic language ABBASID CALIPHATE Reigned from 750-1258 Family of Abbas, uncle of Muhammad (Shi’a), took power in fall of Umayyad Caliphate Provided new religious leadership Literature and learning, espec. Secular Arab poetry, thrived Baghdad center of culture Conversion of non-Muslims accelerated in 9 th century Islamic “Golden Age” “The ink of the scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr” ABBASID CALIPHATE Decline occurred between second half of 9 th century to the 13 th century. Why? 1. Caliphs sucked at their job Caliphs in Baghdad grew to rely on Turkish slave troops (“mamluks”), whom at one point when they were not paid properly (they were busy building lavish new capitals in the west), overthrew the Caliph and named a new one Succession from caliph to caliph was constantly challenged Irrigation projects fell into disrepair famines, floods, violence 2. Revolts Peasant (largely Shi’a) revolts Increased treasury debt (see: crappy Caliphs) as peasants bore financial burden Local revolts carved the Abbasid Caliphate into smaller Muslim states Did not pay taxes or homage ABBASID CALIPHATE Decline occurred between second half of 9 th century to the 13 th century. Why? 1. Difficulty of transportation and communication was critical fault in maintaining such a vast territory Impossible to maintain control over their vast territory 2. Socially Slavery increased Women’s rights eroded As a result… Divisions within the empire opened the way for initial Crusade victories ABBASID CALIPHATE Failure from without The Crusades Successful in 1096, 1099 in retaking Holy Land; control M/E for 200 yrs Saladin unites Muslims, drives Europeans out in 1291 Significance Unified Muslims; Europeans desire for trade increased; also brought back swords, math, chess, rugs, coffee Turkish invasion in 1250; Mongol invasions in 13 th century Not all is lost… “Ulama,” or religious scholars, kept a strong sense of religious identity for Muslims throughout the political changes ABBASID CALIPHATE AND, a re-centering of Islam As if they needed more… Madrasas (religious colleges) and Sufi brotherhoods became two new sources of religious authority Sufi brotherhoods Mystic fraternities seeking union with God, often through poetry ABBASID CALIPHATE Recentering of Islam As if they needed more… Madrasas (religious colleges) and Sufi brotherhoods became two new sources of religious authority Sufi brotherhoods Mystic fraternities seeking union with God, often through poetry THE RISE OF ISLAM