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Transcript
Name:______________________________ Chapter 5 Notes: Plate Tectonics Earth’s Interior Scientists learn about the ___________________ of Earth in 2 ways o ___________________ Method ___________________ Samples ___________________ ___________________ o ___________________ Method Seismic ___________________ Speed of waves and paths shows the ___________________ of the planet o Show that the earth is made up of several ___________________ The Layers of the ___________________ vary in several ways Temperature o Gets ________________ as you descend toward the _________________ of the earth Temperature ___________________ 1oC for every 40 meters descended Pressure o Pressure ___________________ as you descend The Layers of the Earth The Crust o ___________________ Layer Includes ___________________ land Includes the ___________________ floor Includes ___________________ and soil o Thinner than other layers Thinnest under ___________________ Called ___________________ crust o Composed of ___________________ ___________________ under mountains Called ___________________ crust o Composed of ___________________ The Mantle o 40 Km ___________________ surface o Hot ___________________ Rock o About 3000 km ___________________ o Divided into ___________________ Lithosphere Upper part of ___________________ ___________________ Layer Asthenosphere Below lithosphere ___________________ Increasing ___________________ Softer but still ___________________ Lower Mantle Under Asthenosphere Solid- extends to the ___________________ The Core o Made of ___________________ and Nickel o Has ___________________ parts ___________________ Core ___________________ Molten(melted) ___________________ surrounding inner core ___________________ Core ___________________ ball ___________________ metal o Creates a Magnetic Field Due to movement in the ___________________ ___________________ poles Convection and Mantle Types of ___________________ transfer Radiation: transfer of energy through ___________________ o No direct ___________________ between heat source and object o Examples The ___________________ ___________________ Conduction: heat transfer ___________ a material or between materials that are _________ o Responsible for some of the ___________________ transfer within the Earth o Example: metal ___________________ in a hot pot Convection: heat transfer by the movement of ___________________ in a fluid o Caused by ___________________ in temperature and densities in a fluid o Examples Convection zone in the ___________________ Deep currents in ___________________ Convection Currents in Earth Mantle o Heat from the ___________________ causes convection current Moves the ___________________ of the lithosphere Core o Heat in the ___________________ (liquid) core causes a convection current Causes Earth’s ___________________ field Continental Drift Alfred Wegner o Thought all ___________________ formed Pangaea at one time Pangaea: a ___________________ land mass Evidence ___________________ of the continents ___________________ o Glossopteris ___________________ o Wegener’s theory was ___________________ He could not explain the ___________________ that push and pull the continents Sea Floor Spreading Mid Ocean Ridges Tall ___________________ ridges hidden under the oceans o ___________________ around the world In a few places the ridge or mountain is ___________________ the surface of the ocean Example: ___________________ Mapped using ___________________ o Sonar is a device that ___________________ sound waves off underwater objects and then records the ___________________ of the sound waves Sea Floor Spreading Sea floor spreads ___________________ along both sides of the mid ocean ridge o Adds New ___________________ o ___________________ floor like a conveyor belt Carries ___________________ Evidence of Sea Floor Spreading o ___________________ material Submarine Alvin finds pillow shaped rocks These rocks only form when molten material cools ___________________ o Magnetic strips The earth’s magnetic poles have ___________________ many times Evidence in the ___________________ on the ocean floor o Drilling Samples The samples far from the ridge are ___________________ The “youngest” rocks near the ___________________ of the ridge Subduction at Trenches Process by which ocean floor ____________ under the trench and ___________________ into the mantle o Crust near ridge moves ___________________ from ridge Like a giant conveyor belt The ___________________ floor o Pacific Ocean is ___________________ Lots of deep ___________________ Trench ___________________ more of the floor faster than its made o ___________________ Ocean expanding Oceanic crust ___________________ to the continental crust Continents ___________________ Theory of Plate Tectonics J. Tuzo Wilson Scientist who discovered the ___________________ o Plates: a section of the lithosphere that slowly ___________________ over the Asthenosphere ___________________ pieces of the continental and oceanic crust Combined continental drift and sea floor spreading into a ___________________ theory o Scientific Theory: well ___________________ concept that explains a wide range of observations Ideas that are ___________________ by data. How Plates Move Theory of Plate Tectonics o Earth’s lithosphere is in ___________________ , slow motion driven by the convection currents in the ___________________ . 3 ways of moving o ___________________ (convergent) o Pull ___________________ (divergent) o ___________________ past each other (transform) Each ___________________ the earth’s surface Plate Boundaries Extend ___________________ into the lithosphere o Faults: breaks in Earth’s crust where rocks have ___________________ past each other Move ___________________ 3 kinds of Boundaries Divergent Boundaries o Plates move ___________________ from each other o Most occur ___________________ the mid ocean ridge Where sea floor ___________________ occurs o Can occur on land Forms a Rift ___________________ A ___________________ valley Convergent Boundaries Two plates that ___________________ together or _________________ Density of the plates determine which plate is on ___________________ o ___________________ crust vs. continental crust ___________________ . o Continental crust vs. ___________________ crust ___________________ are squeezed from the crust Transform Boundaries o 2 plates slip ___________________ each other ___________________ are common o Crust is neither ___________________ or ___________________