Download Earth Science EOG Review

A scientist finds the bones of a dinosaur. What
could help the scientist determine the
approximate age of the dinosaur bones?
A. The birds living in the area of the bones
B. The weather conditions in the area of the
bones
C. The kinds of trees living in the area of the
bones
D. The index fossils in the area of the bones
A scientist finds the bones of a dinosaur. What
could help the scientist determine the
approximate age of the dinosaur bones?
A. The birds living in the area of the bones
B. The weather conditions in the area of the
bones
C. The kinds of trees living in the area of the
bones
D. The index fossils in the area of the bones
Which will most likely result if there is increased
upwelling in a coastal area?
A. More aquatic life
B. Less nutrients in the water
C. Higher water temperature
D. Fewer nitrates
Which will most likely result if there is increased
upwelling in a coastal area?
A. More aquatic life
B. Less nutrients in the water
C. Higher water temperature
D. Fewer nitrates
Which best determines the health of a lake used
as a source of freshwater?
A. Its depth and width
B. Its temperature and pH
C. Its location and depth
D. Its temperature and depth
Which best determines the health of a lake used
as a source of freshwater?
A. Its depth and width
B. Its temperature and pH
C. Its location and depth
D. Its temperature and depth
Which best describes how ice cores are important
to the study of geologic history?
A. They show unconformities, which signal changes
in deposition
B. They hold index fossils, which are used to date
the different ice cores
C. They contain evidence showing changes in the
atmospheric composition over time
D. They follow the Law of Superposition, which
gives reasons for extinctions of species
Which best describes how ice cores are important
to the study of geologic history?
A. They show unconformities, which signal changes
in deposition
B. They hold index fossils, which are used to date
the different ice cores
C. They contain evidence showing changes in the
atmospheric composition over time
D. They follow the Law of Superposition, which
gives reasons for extinctions of species
What do transitional fossils best support?
A. The theory of Biological Evolution
B. The Law of Superposition
C. The Theory of Geological Evolution
D. The Theory of Continental Drift
What do transitional fossils best support?
A. The theory of Biological Evolution
B. The Law of Superposition
C. The Theory of Geological Evolution
D. The Theory of Continental Drift
Why is water from an aquifer more likely to be
cleaner than water from other sources?
A. Because it forms where fresh and salt water
meet
B. Because it receives water directly from
precipitation
C. Because it rises to the surface near the ocean
D. Because pollutants are filtered by rock and
soil deep within the earth
Why is water from an aquifer more likely to be
cleaner than water from other sources?
A. Because it forms where fresh and salt water
meet
B. Because it receives water directly from
precipitation
C. Because it rises to the surface near the ocean
D. Because pollutants are filtered by rock and
soil deep within the earth
In which oceanic zone do clams and crabs
survive by burrowing in the sand?
A. Oceanic
B. Intertidal
C. Deep ocean
D. Open ocean
In which oceanic zone do clams and crabs
survive by burrowing in the sand?
A. Oceanic
B. Intertidal
C. Deep ocean
D. Open ocean
If a body of water has high turbidity levels, what
can most likely be concluded
A. It has a low pH
B. It is unsafe to drink
C. It it too hot to drink
D. It contains a lot of chemicals
If a body of water has high turbidity levels, what
can most likely be concluded
A. It has a low pH
B. It is unsafe to drink
C. It it too hot to drink
D. It contains a lot of chemicals
Scientists find dinosaur fossils in the bottom
rock layers of a cliff and mammal fossils in the
middle rock layers of the cliff. Which could best
be concluded from this evidence
A. Dinosaurs ate plants
B. Dinosaurs were eaten by the mammals
C. Dinosaurs lived on Earth before the mammals
D. Dinosaurs and mammals lived at the same
time
Scientists find dinosaur fossils in the bottom rock
layers of a cliff and mammal fossils in the middle
rock layers of the cliff. Which could best be
concluded from this evidence
A. Dinosaurs ate plants
B. Dinosaurs were eaten by the mammals
C. Dinosaurs lived on Earth before the mammals
D. Dinosaurs and mammals lived at the same time
The relative age of fossils is determined from their position in sedimentary rock.
Arrange the order of these fossils from youngest to oldest using the rock layers
in the diagram.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ferns  skeleton  shells
Shells  ferns  skeleton
Fern  shells  skeleton
Skeleton  ferns  shells
The relative age of fossils is determined from their position in sedimentary rock.
Arrange the order of these fossils from youngest to oldest using the rock layers
in the diagram.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ferns  skeleton  shells
Shells  ferns  skeleton
Fern  shells  skeleton
Skeleton  ferns  shells
Which best describes the characteristics of a
river basin?
A. The land drained by a river and its tributaries
B. The land formed when rivers create estuaries
and marshes
C. The land at the mouth of a river where water
flows into the ocean
D. The land formed as a result of a river flooding
Which best describes the characteristics of a
river basin?
A. The land drained by a river and its
tributaries
B. The land formed when rivers create estuaries
and marshes
C. The land at the mouth of a river where water
flows into the ocean
D. The land formed as a result of a river flooding
What factors can have the greatest effect on the
health of a river system
A. Type of soil and salinity
B. Nitrate levels and turbidity
C. Human consumption and pH
D. Natural disasters and tide changes
What factors can have the greatest effect on the
health of a river system
A. Type of soil and salinity
B. Nitrate levels and turbidity
C. Human consumption and pH
D. Natural disasters and tide changes
In the United States, which is responsible for
ensuring the safety of the country’s drinking
water?
A.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
B.Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
C.National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA)
D.Center for Disease Control (CDC)
In the United States, which is responsible for
ensuring the safety of the country’s drinking
water?
A.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
B.Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
C.National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA)
D.Center for Disease Control (CDC)
Which statement best describes the Law of
Superposition?
A.Each sedimentary layer of rock represents 1,000
years of Earth’s age, much like the rings of a tree
B.In undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock, the
upper rock layers are older than the lower rock
layers
C.In undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock, the
lowest layers contain the older rocks
D.Rocks that form near volcanoes are older than
surrounding rock.
Which statement best describes the Law of
Superposition?
A.Each sedimentary layer of rock represents 1,000
years of Earth’s age, much like the rings of a tree
B.In undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock, the
upper rock layers are older than the lower rock
layers
C.In undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock, the
lowest layers contain the older rocks
D.Rocks that form near volcanoes are older than
surrounding rock.
What do earthquakes tell scientists about the
history of the planet?
A.Earth’s climate is constantly changing
B.The continents of Earth are continually moving
C.Dinosaurs became extinct about 65 million
years ago
D.The oceans are much deeper today than
millions years ago
What do earthquakes tell scientists about the
history of the planet?
A.Earth’s climate is constantly changing
B.The continents of Earth are continually moving
C.Dinosaurs became extinct about 65 million years
ago
D.The oceans are much deeper today than
millions years ago
How do scientists know that some mountains
were once at the bottom of an ocean?
A. Freshwater rivers flow to the ocean
B. Saltwater fish are found in some mountain
streams
C. Dinosaur bones have been discovered in the
mountains
D. Marine fossils have been found on the peaks
of some mountains
How do scientists know that some mountains
were once at the bottom of an ocean?
A. Freshwater rivers flow to the ocean
B. Saltwater fish are found in some mountain
streams
C. Dinosaur bones have been discovered in the
mountains
D. Marine fossils have been found on the peaks
of some mountains
Which would indicate that a series of fossils
represent the evolution of the horse?
A. All of the fossils were found in the same layers
of rocks as horse fossils
B. All of the fossils are completely identical to
horse bones
C. All of the fossils show similar structures to that
of the modern horse
D. All of the fossils were located in the same place
on Earth as horses
Which would indicate that a series of fossils
represent the evolution of the horse?
A. All of the fossils were found in the same layers
of rocks as horse fossils
B. All of the fossils are completely identical to
horse bones
C. All of the fossils show similar structures to that
of the modern horse
D. All of the fossils were located in the same place
on Earth as horses
uniformitarianism
Earth is constantly changing since its creation
The same forces that changed earth’s surface
millions of years ago, are changing it now
What are those forces?
uniformitarianism
Earth is constantly changing since its creation
The same forces that changed earth’s surface
millions of years ago, are changing it now
What are those forces? Weathering, erosion,
plate movement and resulting landforms and
events (seafloor spreading, creation and
destruction of crust, volcanoes, earthquakes,
mountain building, creation of seas)
Continental Drift
evidence
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6CsTTmvX6
mc
Matching fossils
Matching rock formations
Puzzle-like continents
Tropical fossils in arctic climates
Fossil evidence of Pangaea
Tropical fossil found in greenland
Plate Tectonics
evidence: sea floor spreading
magnetic reversals
• Earth’s crust is broken into plates
• Some are continental, others are covered with
oceans
• Plates move on the asthenosphere
• Convection currents in the asthenosphere
move the plates
• Plate composition and direction determine
landforms and events
Convergent Bondaries
• Continental – Continental
folded mountains (earthquakes)
• Continental – Oceanic
coastal volcanic mountains, subduction zone,
trench, earthquakes
• Oceanic – Oceanic
island arcs, subduction zone, trench, earthquakes
Oldest crust is found where and why?
Oldest crust in on continental plates b/c they
are not subducted.
Divergent Boundary
•
•
•
•
Plates move apart
Create mid-ocean ridge mountain ranges
Rift valleys
Creates new crust….sea floor spreading
Transform Boundary
Earthquakes
Major fault lines
If new crust is created by magma, why is
the earth roughly the same size it was 4.6
billion years ago?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6CsTTmvX
6mc
Plate boundary map..arrows show
the direction of plate movement
Law of Superposition
• Earth’s history is revealed in rock layers as well.
• Sedimentary rock layers contain fossils,
intrusions (?), cracks (?), unconformities (?) and
folds that tell us what was happening on earth’s
surface at different points in time
• Comparing fossils (index) and rock layers tell us
what happened first, second…..relative age
• Oldest layer is on the bottom, younger on top
• Distortions in rock layers occurred after the
layer(s) they changed
Using the diagram
to the right
1
Describe the age
of the fossil
2
• Using layer 1
• Using layer 4
• Using layer 2
3
4
Trilobites existed
521-251 mya….how old is layer 2?
Crinoids existed
359-381 mya….how old is layer 2?
You have found an area of North Carolina with
an abundance of fossils. What kind of rock are
you looking at?
How do you know?
You have found an area of North Carolina with
an abundance of fossils. What kind of rock are
you looking at? sedimentary
How do you know?
Sedimentary rocks are formed by compaction
and cementation, these processes preserve
fossil remains. The intense heat of metamorphic
and igneous rock processes destroy remains.
We get the complete geological history by
including
Ice Cores
Climate Data (climate proxy)
Bubbles trapped in ice. They contain ancient
atmosphere
Volcanic activity
Pollen
Mold spores
Other climate proxies:
Tree rings
Coral bands
Ice core with volcanic ash layer. The ash layer can be
dated using radiometric dating
Absolute Age
Helps to greatly narrow the age calculations of
ancient rock and fossils..puts a number on age
Half life of radioactive material found in volcanic
intrusions & volcanic ash.
(the amount of time it takes half a radioactive
sample to break down into a stable material)
Strontium 90 decays to become Yttrium-90
Yttrium-90 decays to become zirconium-90
Geologic (rock) Time Scale
• Puts together all the information we get from
rocks, ice cores and fossils.
• Using major events, we can describe how life
on earth has changed and relate those changes
to geologic events.
What major event ended the
Precambrian time?
Paleozoic era?
Mesozoic era?
Cenozoic era?
Geologic Time Scale
• Puts together all the information we get from rocks,
ice cores and fossils.
• Using major events, we can describe how life on earth
has changed and relate those changes to geologic
events.
What major event ended the
Precambrian time? Massive increase in #’s,
complexity & diversity of life
Paleozoic era? Mass Extinction (90%)
Mesozoic era? Mass Extinction (70%)..asteroid
Cenozoic era? Not over yet!
EONS – largest division of time
 1. Hadean
 2. Archean
 3. Proterozoic
 4. Phanerozoic
 #1-3 make up Precambrian Time
 Eons -> Eras -> Periods -> Epochs
 Change in name is due major geologic or climatic
events!!
PRECAMBRIAN TIME
• 90% of Earth’s history
• Lasted nearly 4 billion years of Earth’s
4.6 billion years
• Volcanic ash & dust ->clouds formed >rain
• Single-celled micro-organisms in ocean
at end
• No animals
• No plants
Phanerozoic Eon
• 544 million years ago – present
• Explosion of Life!
• 3 Eras:
– Paleozoic Era – “Age of Amphibians”
– Mesozoic Era – “Age of Dinosaurs”
– Cenozoic Era – “Age of Mammals”
Paleozoic Era = “Ancient”
544 mya – 248 mya
All life in ocean until end
Fish developed
Reptiles, Insects, Ferns developed –
moving life onto land at end
• Ends with a Mass Extinction kills 90%
of all ocean species
•
•
•
•
Mesozoic Era = “Middle”
• 248 mya – 65 mya
• Dinosaurs rule!
• Small mammals, birds, flowering
plants
• Ends with Mass Extinction due to
meteor strike off Mexico ->dust cloud
blocked sunlight, killed plant life and
affected food chain
Cenozoic Era =“Recent”
• 65 mya – Present
• Large warm-blooded mammals, modern
birds, flowering plants
• Animals developed migration techniques
• Tertiary Period
• Quaternary Period = last 2 million yrs
– Ice ages
– 1st modern human fossils = 100,000 yrs old
– Humans are 7 seconds of 12 hour clock!!
Why study fossils?
Why study fossils?
They show us how
life has changed
over time. The
Geologic Time
Scale show us how
changes in earth’s
surface & climate
have affected changes
in organisms.
Earth’s Water Systems
• 97% of earth’s water is in the oceans
• Of the remaining 3% fresh water…most is
frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps
• The largest % of fresh water is
groundwater… aquifers
• Fresh water moves across earth’s surface in
watersheds/riverbasins
Aquifers are large reservoirs of ground water.
These can be accessed by wells, some natural
springs bring water out of aquifers through
the force of gravity. Water in an aquifer is
usually cleaner than surface water, b/c it filters
through rocks and sand (recharge area) on it’s
way to the aquifer. The water table is the top
of the water in an aquifer.
A watershed is the large area of land the
drains waters into streams, that then feed
into larger and larger rivers, until draining into
a major river. Watersheds are bordered by
divides…high areas of land (mtns) that
separate one watershed from another
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KCBRPEs
4g4
Water Quality Indicators
The health of a water system is determined by the balance
between physical, chemical, and biological variables. These
are used to determine the safety and POTABILITY (drink) of
water
Physical variables include temperature, turbidity.
Chemical variables include dissolved oxygen and other gases,
pH, nitrates and phosphates. Both natural and man-made
forces are constantly changing these variables.
Biological variables are living organisms. Bio-indicators are
living organisms that require specific conditions in order to
survive. Their presence in waters, or lack of presence, is an
indicator of the health of a water system.
Water Quality Indicator Notes
Turbidity
Description:
Murkiness of water due to suspended particles
Levels:
Ideal = 1NTU
High = 5 NTU+
Turbidity
Causes:
 Erosion from construction
 urban run off
 disturbance of stream beds from bottom feeders/livestock
 increased algal growth
 septic system leaks
 decaying plant matter
 flooding
Results:
 Increase temperature
 Decrease in DO
 Clogs gills in some aquatic organisms
Temperature
Definition:
 Amount of kinetic energy
Causes:
 Loss of shade from removal of vegetation
 Thermal Pollution: industry discharge
 seasonal temp changes
Results:
 Decreased levels of DO
 increased bacterial levels,
 increased algae growth
pH
Description:
• How acidic is the water
Levels:
07 is acidic
7 is neutral
714 is basic
Surface Freshwater: 6.0 9.0
Cause:
• Acid rain
• minerals in soils
Results:
• Death of sensitive bio-indicators
• Death or damage to plants
Dissolved Oxygen
Description:
•Oxygen gas dissolved in water
•O2 enters water through photosynthesis and churning
water
Cause:
• Increased Temp
• Decaying plant material
Effect:
• Less diversity of bio-indicators
• fish-kills
Nitrates & Phosphates
Description:
•Excess nutrients
Cause:
•Fertilizer run off
•Animal waste
•Leaking septic systems
•Manure pits (hog farms, etc)
•Clay soils (phosphates)
Result:
•Eutrophication – overgrowth of algae (pond scum)
•Low DO
Nitrates & Phosphates
Cause:
•Fertilizer run off
•Animal waste
•Leaking septic systems
•Manure pits (hog farms, etc)
•Clay soils (phosphates)
Result:
•Eutrophication – overgrowth of algae (pond scum)
•Low DO
Nitrates & Phosphates
EUTROPHICATION FLOW CHART
Excess Nutrients  Algal Bloom (pond scum)  darkness below surface 
photosynthesis stops  decomposers & other organisms use up oxygen 
DEATH
(gradual buildup of dying plant matter the pond becomes a meadow)
Bio-Indicators
Description:
• Macro-invertebrates living in water that are sensitive to
pollution
Level:
• Large numbers and diversity
Cause:
• Increased levels of pollution
Result:
• Less diversity of organisms
• Fewer organisms
Stewardship implies that we are caretakers of
our water for future generations.
The EPA established the Clean Water Act to
ensure oversight and testing of surface waters
Ocean Environments
The ocean is divided into regions based on light penetration and temperature
Intertidal
Neritic
Open ocean
Deep ocean
Plankton
Phytoplankton =ocean producers
Zooplankton eat phytoplankton
1. Intertidal
– Shallowest area
– Between the low and
high tide lines
– Changing environment
Gooseneck Barnacles
Sea Urchin
Sea star
Sea weed
Sea anemones – closed above water, open
below water
Chiton
Seaweed
• 2. Neritic Zone
– Always underwater
– On continental shelf
Sponge with
brittle star
Coral
Neritic Zone Life
Seahorse
Angel fish
Clown fish
Bluefin Tuna
Jellyfish
Herring
Oceanic Zones
Open Ocean
•Surface – 200 meters
•Sunlight, warm
Deep Zone
- starts at continental
slope and extends to
4000 m
- little or no sunlight
- cold 4°C
- very high pressure
Brittle Stars
Crinoids (Sea Lilies)
Giant Siphonophore
Bloodbelly Comb Jelly
• Water moves through the ocean, driven
by currents. Surface currents are caused
by waves, deep currents are caused by
differences in density.
• Nutrients move up from the ocean floor
through upwelling.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APMz
M-xYlOs