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Who: Frederick Griffith When: 1928 What did they do: Experimented with mice using 2 strains of pneumonia bacteria (one harmful and one harmless) He killed the harmful strain by heating it and mixed it with the harmless strain; Harmless bacteria “transformed” into harmful bacteria & killed mice Who: Oswald Avery (and McCarty & MacLeod) When: 1944 What did they do: Repeated Griffith’s experiments Wanted to find the “transforming factor”, (Is it the protein or the DNA?) Protein + DNA = Transformed DNA + no Protein = Transformed Protein + no DNA = Not transformed Realized DNA is the transformation factor. Who: Erwin Chargaff When: 1950 What did he do: Found that the bases adenine and thymine always pair together and cytosine and guanine always pair together Chargaffs Rule: A pairs with T C pairs with G Who: Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins When: 1951 What did they do: Used x-ray crystallography to take pictures of DNA and discovered the shape (double stranded and twisted like a helix) Who: Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase When: 1952 What did they do: Conducted “Blender experiment” with 2 sets of bacteriophages Proved that genes are made up of the nucleic acid DNA Concluded that DNA must be the genetic material Who: James Watson and Francis Crick When: 1953 What did they do: Took all the information that the other scientists gathered and put together the first complete model of DNA Won the Nobel Prize for this accomplishment