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Transcript
Chapter 18
The History of Life
Why Classify?
• So that scientists can
identify what organism
they are discussing or
studying.
• Taxonomy: A discipline
where scientists classify
organisms and assign
each organism a
universally accepted
name.
Common Names vs Scientific Names
• Common names:
– Mountain Lion
– Puma
– Cougar
– Panther
• Scientific name:
– Felis concolor
Binomial Nomenclature
(Carolus Linnaeus)
• A two-part scientific name
that is assigned to an
organism. Both names are
written in italics.
– First part is:
(Upper case)
– Second part is:
(lower case)
Genus
species
• Example: Humans= Homo
sapiens (“wise man”)
The Three Domain System
• Domain: more inclusive category than any other.
Larger than kingdom.
• Eukarya:
• Bacteria:
• Archaea:
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Carol Linnaeus
• Carol Linneaus divided organisms into plants and
animals. (problem?)
• This didn’t cover all of the diversity of life.
– Scientists came up with other kingdoms.
– Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
• Then they developed the 6-kingdom system that we
still use today:
– Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Animalia,
Plantae.
DOMAIN→ ARCHAEA
BACTERIA
EUKARYA
EUKARYA
EUKARYA
EUKARYA
FUNGI
PLANTAE
ANIMALIA
KINGDOM
→
ARCHAEBACTERI EUBACTERIA PROTISTA
CELL TYPE
PROKARYOTE
PROKARYOT EUKARYOTE EUKARYOTE
E
EUKARYOTE
EUKARYOTE
UNICELLULAR
UNICELLULA BOTH
BOTH
MULTICELL.
MULTICELL.
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
WITH
WITH
PEPTIDOGLY
CAN
BOTH
BOTH
WITH
WITH
CELLULOSE
NONE
HETEROTROPH AUTOTROPH
HETEROTROPH
YES IF THEY
HAVE
FLAGELLA
NO
YES
Prokaryote or
Eukaryote
NUMBER
OF CELLS
Unicellular or
Multicellular
CELL
NUCLEUS
Present or
Absent
CELL WALL
CELL WALL WITHOUT
COMPOSITI PEPTIDOGLYCAN
ON
NUTRITION BOTH
Autotroph
Heterotroph
LOCOMOTI
ON
YES IF THEY
HAVE FLAGELLA
YES
NO
Domain:
Eukarya (all eukaryotic organisms)
• KINGDOMS:
• Protista: have the greatest variety
– unicellular & multicellular
– Some photosynthetic, others heterotrophic
– 3 types: plant-like, animal- like, fungus-like
• Fungi:
– Heterotrophs
– Unicellular & multicellular
– Have cell walls of chitin
• Plantae:
– Multicellular
– Cell wall of cellulose
– Autotroph
• Animalia:
– Multicellular
– Heterotroph
Domain: Archaea
• Kingdom: Archaebacteria
– Prokaryotic
– Unicellular
– Have cell wall WITHOUT peptidoglycan
– Autotroph and Heterotroph
Domain: Bacteria
• Kingdom: Eubacteria
– Prokaryotic
– Unicellular
– Have cell wall WITH peptidoglycan
– Autotroph and heterotroph
Classify these Organisms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Species:
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
• Evolutionary Classification: Biologists now group
organisms into categories that represent lines of
evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical
similarities
• Cladogram: Characteristics that appear in recent parts
of a lineage but not in its older members are called
derived characters and can then be used to construct a
cladogram.
Molecular Clocks
(DNA and RNA)
• The genes of many organisms show important
similarities at the molecular level. Similarities
in DNA can be used to help determine
classification and evolutionary relationships.