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Chapter 18
Classification
Organization and
naming systems
based on
morphology and
genetics
Humans have a tendency to see
commonalities and differences,
clustering images by appearance.
Why Classify?
• To study the diversity of life, biologists use
a classification system to name organisms
and group them in a logical manner.
• To avoid the confusion caused by regional
names.
Texas bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis )
Taxonomy
– the science of classification
• Carolus Linnaeus’ system:
– Uses Latin…descriptive, universal,
“dead” language that never changes
– Uses binomial nominclature
• Two word naming system of
Genus & species = scientific name
– Uses hierarchy of categories
from general to specific:
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
• Created a classification
system with seven
hierarchical levels
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
Human classification:
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Primates
Family
Hominidae
Genus
Homo
species
sapiens
KINGDOM Animalia
Grizzly bear
Black bear
Giant
panda
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Red fox
Abert
squirrel
Coral
snake
Sea star
Kingdom…Phylum…Class…Order…Family…
Genus species…(variety) or (breed)
Cladograms
• Represent evolutionary relationships,
phylogeny, and not just physical appearances
Traditional classification vs. Cladograms
Appendages
Crab
Conical Shells
Barnacle
Limpet
Crustaceans
Crab
Gastropod
Barnacle
Limpet
Molted
exoskeleton
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON VISIBLE
SIMILARITIES
CLADOGRAM
BASED ON DERIVED
CHARACTERS
Phylogeny
• Evolutionary history of a species
Modern classification systems include the
three-domain system which superimposes
the 6 kingdom systems.
• Just a few years ago, all bacteria and
some protists were labeled Monera.
Three Domain System
DOMAIN
ARCHAEA
DOMAIN
EUKARYA
Kingdoms
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Key Characteristics of Domains
and Kingdoms
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
CELL TYPE
Eukarya
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Cell walls with
peptidoglycan
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Cell walls of
cellulose in
some; some
have
chloroplasts
Cell walls of
chitin
Cell walls of
cellulose;
chloroplasts
No cell walls
or chloroplasts
Unicellular
Unicellular
Most unicellular;
some colonial;
some
multicellular
Most
multicellular;
some
unicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Streptococcus,
Escherichia coli
Methanogens,
halophiles
Amoeba,
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Mushrooms,
yeasts
Mosses, ferns,
flowering
plants
Sponges,
worms,
insects, fishes,
mammals
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Six Kingdom
classification
Prokaryotic Unicellular Autotroph
or
or
or
eukaryotic multicellular heterotroph
Archaebacteria
Pro
Uni
both
Eubacteria
Pro
Uni
both
both
Protista
Eu
most uni
Fungi
Eu
most multi
Plantae
Eu
multi
auto
Animalia
Eu
multi
hetero
hetero
Nutritional types
Auto(photo)
Hetero(absorb) Hetero(ingest)
Fungi
(Seaweeds)
Animalia
Multi
Uni
Protista
Eu
Pro
Bacteria
Classification systems video
Click on image to play video.
Panthera leo? (1)
Click on image to play video.
Panthera leo? (2)
Click on image to play video.