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Chapter 18 Classification Organization and naming systems based on morphology and genetics Humans have a tendency to see commonalities and differences, clustering images by appearance. Why Classify? • To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner. • To avoid the confusion caused by regional names. Texas bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis ) Taxonomy – the science of classification • Carolus Linnaeus’ system: – Uses Latin…descriptive, universal, “dead” language that never changes – Uses binomial nominclature • Two word naming system of Genus & species = scientific name – Uses hierarchy of categories from general to specific: Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) • Created a classification system with seven hierarchical levels • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species Human classification: Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo species sapiens KINGDOM Animalia Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star Kingdom…Phylum…Class…Order…Family… Genus species…(variety) or (breed) Cladograms • Represent evolutionary relationships, phylogeny, and not just physical appearances Traditional classification vs. Cladograms Appendages Crab Conical Shells Barnacle Limpet Crustaceans Crab Gastropod Barnacle Limpet Molted exoskeleton Segmentation Tiny free-swimming larva CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES CLADOGRAM BASED ON DERIVED CHARACTERS Phylogeny • Evolutionary history of a species Modern classification systems include the three-domain system which superimposes the 6 kingdom systems. • Just a few years ago, all bacteria and some protists were labeled Monera. Three Domain System DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA Kingdoms DOMAIN BACTERIA Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Key Characteristics of Domains and Kingdoms Classification of Living Things DOMAIN Bacteria Archaea KINGDOM Eubacteria Archaebacteria CELL TYPE Eukarya Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Cell walls without peptidoglycan Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Cell walls of chitin Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts No cell walls or chloroplasts Unicellular Unicellular Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Most multicellular; some unicellular Multicellular Multicellular MODE OF NUTRITION Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or heterotroph Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph EXAMPLES Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Methanogens, halophiles Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Mushrooms, yeasts Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS Six Kingdom classification Prokaryotic Unicellular Autotroph or or or eukaryotic multicellular heterotroph Archaebacteria Pro Uni both Eubacteria Pro Uni both both Protista Eu most uni Fungi Eu most multi Plantae Eu multi auto Animalia Eu multi hetero hetero Nutritional types Auto(photo) Hetero(absorb) Hetero(ingest) Fungi (Seaweeds) Animalia Multi Uni Protista Eu Pro Bacteria Classification systems video Click on image to play video. Panthera leo? (1) Click on image to play video. Panthera leo? (2) Click on image to play video.
