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Important words to know Study of heredity Studies the way in which genetic/hereditary information is passed on from parents to offspring During sexual reproduction, when a sperm and egg meet Produces a new cell, with some DNA from the mom and some from the dad Sex cells Sperm Egg Means self-pollinate Ex: some plants have “male” and “female” sex organs, so can produce offspring identical to themselves Ex: pea plant, apricot, avocado, grapes A specific characteristic Varies from one individual to another Ex: eye color, human height, seed color, plant height Contain hereditary information (DNA) Specific unit of hereditary material located on a chromosomes Genes code for specific traits Different forms of a gene Ex: The gene controlling hair color exists as an allele for blond hair or an allele for brown hair. Ex: in plants, the gene controlling height either exists as an allele for tallness or an allele for shortness. Some alleles are dominant and some alleles are recessive. Dominant Alleles An organism with a dominant allele for trait will always exhibit that trait. Dominant expressed by capital letter Recessive Alleles An organism with a recessive allele for a trait will show that trait if the dominant allele is not present. Recessive expressed by lower case letter •In pea plants, the alleles for height is either T or t. Which is the recessive allele? •If we were looking at human eye color, pick a letter to represent eye color. Now show the difference between brown (dominant) and blue (recessive) alleles? Offspring from parents with different traits Ex: yellow corn and white corn offspring with both colors Offspring has the DNA from both parents