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The Human Organism and the Perpetuation of Life • Write the black, read the red Follow in workbook pg. 67 The Cell building blocks of all living organisms. Start= all the same, become specialized. Use pg. 127 of your textbook to help you fill in the cell diagram • We will only really focus on the Nucleus, DNA, and the Mitochondria Homework: Workbook pg. 68 DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) DNA = a double helix molecule located in the cell nucleus when straightened looks like a ladder. molecule = 2 chains are linked by pairs of tiny molecules called bases adenine guanine thymine cytosine Label diagram on pg. 69 of workbook using pg. 128 of the textbook The Human Genome A genome = complete set of genetic information of an individual Genes Genes = a section of DNA with genetic information required for a particular job. small differences between each of our genes, making us all different Genetic Diversity All possible variation of genes = e.g. blue, brown eyes Only identical twins are genetically identical • More individuals in a population = greater the genetic diversity (larger gene pool) • The smaller the gene pool, the more genetic abnormalities Homework: Workbook pg. 70 Discussion: Textbook Pg 152, Questions 1-7 Cell Division Cell Division = the process to produce new cells to: increase cell count (grow) regenerate damaged/broken tissue sexual reproduction Cells not dividing all the time = interphase Chromosomes • Has genetic material from father and mother • 23 pairs = total of 46 chromosomes (2n, or diploid) Chromosomes Human Cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes Tightly coiled DNA strand gives the chromosome its recognizable shape Caryotype of a male Caryotype of a female Before cell divides = copies all DNA bases = proper sequence until 2 identical strands. Fill in Workbook pg. 71 and the handout using pg. 134 of textbook Stages of Mitosis film Meiosis= sex cell division division of certain cells = produce sperm and ovum (gametes) Gives 4 daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes (n or haploid) Meiosis film Fill in workbook pg. 72 using pg. 135 of textbook Daughter cell comparison Mitosis • 23 pairs of chromosomes • Diploid (2n) Meiosis • 23 chromosomes • 2 daughter cells produced • 4 daughter cells produced • Haploid (n) Workbook pg. 73 & 74 Discussion: textbook Pg. 152, questions 8-15 Cellular Specialization Tissues ,Organs and Systems Our cells = specialized but work together Tissues = Cells with common function Organs= a structure made of various tissues with specific function Systems= group of organs and tissues working together Tissues 1. Epithelial tissue: Function: Covers & protects organs (inside and out) E.g. skin, lining of stomach, lining of lungs, etc. 2. Connective tissue: Function: Binds & supports tissues and organs, provides protection & nutrients E.g. tendons, cartilage, blood, bones, fat 3. Nervous tissue: Function: Control and guide body activity, transmit messages E.g. brain, spinal cord, nerves 4. Muscular tissue: Function: contract & regain shape =making body move e.g. heart, internal organs, skeletal muscles Organ Systems group of organs and tissues that work together to perform a task. e.g. The respiratory system Discussion: Textbook Pg. 153, questions 16-18 Homework: Workbook pg. 76 The Reproductive System Stages of human development Fertilization = fusion of an ovum (n) and a spermatozoan (n). Gives 1 complete cell, zygote, with all genetic material (2n) Conception video Stages of human growth Puberty • The change that prepares the human body for reproduction. • Usually occurs between ages 10-14 • The beginning of puberty is marked by a progressive increase in the production of sex hormones. • Hormones are chemical messengers transported by blood to control actions of organs Hormones Women Hormones that trigger function puberty • Stimulate maturation • FSH (follicleof ova stimulating hormone) • Stimulate ovaries to • LH (luteinizing produce female sex hormone) hormones Hormones Women Sex hormones • Estrogens, progesterone function • Start develop primary and secondary sexual characteristics Hormones Men Hormones that trigger function puberty • Stimulate production • FSH (follicleof spermatozoa stimulating hormone) • Stimulate testicles to • LH (luteinizing produce male sex hormone) hormones Hormones Men Sex hormones • testosterone function • Start develop primary and secondary sexual characteristics Sexual characteristics Primary sexual characteristics Secondary sexual characteristics Women • Genital organs mature • Menstrual cycle begins Women • body hair appears • Breasts develop • Pelvis widens Sexual characteristics Primary sexual characteristics Secondary sexual characteristics Men • Genital organs mature Men • body hair appears • Skeletal muscles grow • Larynx enlarges (voice drops) Homework: pg. 78 in Workbook Discussion: Textbook Pg. 154, questions 19-23 Female reproductive system Fill in the diagram on pg. 79 of the workbook using pg. 144 of your textbook Oogenesis • = the process of ovum (egg) production by meiosis The Ovarian Cycle • = the process whereby a single ovarian follicle matures (in order to release an ovum) and changes into a corpus luteum (in order to encourage the implatation of the ovum in the uterus) Oogenesis & The Ovarian Cycle The Menstrual Cycle • Represents all of the periodic changes in the uterine endometrium The Menstrual Cycle • Has three phases: Menstrual phase Proliferation phase Secretory phase Fill in page 80 of your workbook using the tables on page 146 and 147 of your textbook Menopause • Occurs in women over the age of 40 • Ovarian and Menstrual end • End of fertility Homework: Pg. 81 & 82 in workbook Discussion Questions: pg. 154 #24-31 Male Reproductive System Fill in the diagram on pg. 83 of the workbook using pg. 149 of your textbook Spermatogenesis • = the process of sperm production by meiosis Erection and Ejaculation • An ERECTION involves the increase in volume and rigidity of the penis as a result of sexual arousal • EJACULATION is the expulsion of semen by the penis Birth Control • Have a look at page 151 in your textbook Homework: Page 84 Discussion Questions: Pg. 155 # 32-34 Study questions: workbook pg. 85-88, questions 1-21