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The Human Organism and
the Perpetuation of Life
• Write the black, read the red
Follow in workbook pg. 67
The Cell
building blocks of all living organisms.
Start= all the same, become specialized.
Use pg. 127 of your textbook to
help you fill in the cell diagram
• We will only really focus on the Nucleus,
DNA, and the Mitochondria
Homework: Workbook pg. 68
DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)
DNA = a double helix molecule located in the
cell nucleus
when straightened looks like a ladder.
molecule = 2 chains are linked by pairs of
tiny molecules called bases
adenine
guanine
thymine
cytosine
Label diagram on pg. 69 of
workbook using pg. 128 of the
textbook
The Human Genome
A genome = complete set of genetic information
of an individual
Genes
Genes
= a section of DNA with genetic information
required for a particular job.
small differences between each of our
genes, making us all different
Genetic Diversity
 All possible variation of genes = e.g. blue, brown
eyes
 Only identical twins are genetically identical
• More individuals in a population = greater the
genetic diversity (larger gene pool)
• The smaller the gene pool, the more genetic
abnormalities
Homework: Workbook pg. 70
Discussion: Textbook Pg 152,
Questions 1-7
Cell Division
Cell Division
= the process to produce new cells to:
 increase cell count (grow)
 regenerate damaged/broken tissue
 sexual reproduction
 Cells not dividing all the time = interphase
Chromosomes
• Has genetic material from father and
mother
• 23 pairs = total of 46 chromosomes (2n, or
diploid)
Chromosomes
Human Cells
contain 23 pairs
of
chromosomes
Tightly coiled DNA
strand gives the
chromosome its
recognizable shape
Caryotype of a male
Caryotype of a female
 Before cell divides =
copies all DNA
 bases = proper sequence
until 2 identical strands.
Fill in Workbook pg. 71 and the
handout using pg. 134 of
textbook
Stages of Mitosis film
Meiosis=
sex cell division
 division of certain cells = produce sperm
and ovum (gametes)
 Gives 4 daughter cells, each with 23
chromosomes (n or haploid)
Meiosis film
Fill in workbook pg. 72 using pg.
135 of textbook
Daughter cell comparison
Mitosis
• 23 pairs of
chromosomes
• Diploid (2n)
Meiosis
• 23 chromosomes
• 2 daughter cells
produced
• 4 daughter cells
produced
• Haploid (n)
Workbook pg. 73 & 74
Discussion: textbook Pg. 152,
questions 8-15
Cellular Specialization
Tissues ,Organs and Systems
 Our cells = specialized but work together
 Tissues = Cells with common function
 Organs= a structure made of various tissues
with specific function
 Systems= group of organs and tissues
working together
Tissues
1. Epithelial tissue:
Function: Covers & protects organs (inside and
out)
E.g. skin, lining of stomach, lining of lungs, etc.
2. Connective tissue:
Function: Binds & supports tissues and organs,
provides protection & nutrients
E.g. tendons, cartilage, blood, bones, fat
3. Nervous tissue:
Function: Control and guide body activity,
transmit messages
E.g. brain, spinal cord, nerves
4. Muscular tissue:
Function: contract & regain shape =making
body move
e.g. heart, internal organs, skeletal muscles
Organ Systems
 group of organs and tissues that work
together to perform a task.
 e.g. The respiratory system
Discussion: Textbook Pg. 153,
questions 16-18
Homework: Workbook pg. 76
The Reproductive System
Stages of human development
Fertilization
 = fusion of an ovum (n) and a spermatozoan
(n). Gives 1 complete cell, zygote, with all
genetic material (2n)
Conception video
Stages of human growth
Puberty
• The change that prepares the human body for
reproduction.
• Usually occurs between ages 10-14
• The beginning of puberty is marked by a
progressive increase in the production of sex
hormones.
• Hormones are chemical messengers
transported by blood to control actions of
organs
Hormones
Women
Hormones that trigger function
puberty
• Stimulate maturation
• FSH (follicleof ova
stimulating hormone) • Stimulate ovaries to
• LH (luteinizing
produce female sex
hormone)
hormones
Hormones
Women
Sex hormones
• Estrogens,
progesterone
function
• Start develop primary
and secondary
sexual
characteristics
Hormones
Men
Hormones that trigger function
puberty
• Stimulate production
• FSH (follicleof spermatozoa
stimulating hormone) • Stimulate testicles to
• LH (luteinizing
produce male sex
hormone)
hormones
Hormones
Men
Sex hormones
• testosterone
function
• Start develop primary
and secondary
sexual
characteristics
Sexual characteristics
Primary sexual
characteristics
Secondary sexual
characteristics
Women
• Genital organs
mature
• Menstrual cycle
begins
Women
• body hair appears
• Breasts develop
• Pelvis widens
Sexual characteristics
Primary sexual
characteristics
Secondary sexual
characteristics
Men
• Genital organs
mature
Men
• body hair appears
• Skeletal muscles
grow
• Larynx enlarges
(voice drops)
Homework: pg. 78 in Workbook
Discussion: Textbook Pg. 154,
questions 19-23
Female reproductive system
Fill in the diagram on pg. 79 of
the workbook using pg. 144 of
your textbook
Oogenesis
• = the process of
ovum (egg)
production by
meiosis
The Ovarian Cycle
• = the process whereby a single ovarian
follicle matures (in order to release an
ovum) and changes into a corpus luteum
(in order to encourage the implatation of
the ovum in the uterus)
Oogenesis & The Ovarian Cycle
The Menstrual Cycle
• Represents all of the periodic changes in
the uterine endometrium
The Menstrual Cycle
• Has three phases:
Menstrual phase
Proliferation phase
Secretory phase
Fill in page 80 of your workbook
using the tables on page 146 and
147 of your textbook
Menopause
• Occurs in women over the age of 40
• Ovarian and Menstrual end
• End of fertility
Homework: Pg. 81 & 82 in
workbook
Discussion Questions: pg. 154
#24-31
Male Reproductive System
Fill in the diagram on pg. 83 of the
workbook using pg. 149 of your
textbook
Spermatogenesis
• = the process of sperm production by
meiosis
Erection and Ejaculation
• An ERECTION involves the increase in
volume and rigidity of the penis as a result
of sexual arousal
• EJACULATION is the expulsion of semen
by the penis
Birth Control
• Have a look at page 151 in your textbook
Homework: Page 84
Discussion Questions: Pg. 155
# 32-34
Study questions: workbook pg.
85-88, questions 1-21