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This stage of lake succession is characterized by low oxygen and high nutrient levels. Eutrophic This occurs when a molecule other than the substrate stops the function of an enzyme by attaching to the active site Competitive Inhibition This is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during respiration. Oxygen (O2) Mom is colorblind; Dad has normal vision. What is the chance their son is colorblind? 100% Sons will always have a sex-linked, recessive trait if mom has it. The “Guardian of the Genome” p53 These are structures that come from a recent common ancestor even though they may not look the same from the outside. Homologous structures The “one and done” reproductive strategy in which members of a species reproduce only once before they die. Semelparity How can you tell a monosaccharide by its formula? CH2O Name the two molecules that donate ions to the electron transport chain in the mitochondria NADH FADH2 Between genes A & B there are 20 map units; between A & C - 5; B & D – 15, C & D – 30, C & B 15. If these genes are linked, what is the order of these genes along their chromosome? A – C – B – D or D–B–C–A The organelle that is responsible for translation of the final transcript in eukaryotic cells. Ribosome This type of evolution has occurred when organisms look alike due to selection pressures of living in the same environment even though they do NOT come from a recent common ancestor. Convergent Evolution What is the mark-recapture formula? 1st catch x 2nd catch marked recaptures List the monomers for each of the organic compound families Carbs – monosaccharides Fats – fatty acids & glycerol Proteins – amino acids Nucleic acids - nucleotides Name the unstable fibers of the cytoskeleton that assemble and disassemble by treadmilling Actin microfilaments Name 3 differences between mitosis and meiosis Mitosis – 1 division, diploid daughter cells, creates normal body cells Meiosis - 2 divisions, haploid daughter cells, makes gametes These are the proteins DNA coils around. Histones This era has been associated with the Age of Reptiles Mesozoic Era These populations more rapidly fluctuate with changing environmental conditions R-selected or opportunistic populations Name the 2 functional groups found in all proteins Amino and carboxyl What are the 3 stages of cell signaling? Reception Transduction Response This is the point of attachment between a spindle fiber and chromosomal centromere Kinetochore Name 2 reasons why Adenine and Thymine pair together in a DNA strand. 1. They each have 2 bonding sites 2. One is a purine (A)and one is a pyrimidine (T) What is another name for divergent evolution? Adaptive radiation This nutrient provides energy for both terrestrial and aquatic plant growth Phosphorus What type of bond occurs between hydrogen and oxygen in an H2O molecule Polar Covalent Bond Name 3 things that can pass through the phospholipid bilayer without using any energy O2 CO2 H2O Urea For parents who are both carriers of Tay Sachs, an autosomal recessive disorder, what is the probability that all 3 of their kids will be born with the disorder? 1/64 (¼ x ¼ x ¼) Prokaryotic genes are often controlled by these. Operons Speciation due to separation by a geological barrier Allopatric speciation When an organism makes a personal sacrifice for the benefit of population, they exhibit this type of behavior Altruism This is the bond formed between a fatty acid and glycerol Ester linkage Where do light dependent reactions take place? Grana or thylakoids List 5 reasons for cell division Grow Reproduce Repair Maintain low volume Specialize These are the parts of eukaryotic RNA that are eventually expressed as proteins. Exons If the frequency of the dominant allele is .3, what percentage of individuals will be heterozygous? 42% The amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by plants Primary Productivity When going from a monomer to a polymer, this process is used Dehydration Synthesis Name the 3 parts of the cell theory 1. All living things are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in living things 3. All cells come from other cells When chromosomes or chromatids fail to separate during meiosis, this is the result Nondisjunction Name the 2 experiments that show DNA is THE genetic material. Griffith/Avery Hershey/Chase The changing allele frequency of the peppered moth wing color is the classical example of this type of evolution Microevolution Name 3 substances that undergo biological magnification Lead Mercury PCB’s DDT Pair up the following 4 terms: exergonic, endergonic, anabolic, catabolic Endergonic – Anabolic Exergonic - Catabolic List the steps in the ladder of life from simple to complex Cells Tissue Organs Systems Organisms The organization of the spindle fibers used in mitosis occurs here ONLY in animal cells Centrioles Electrophoresis is a very common biotechnology lab technique. What does it do? Separates fragments of protein or DNA by size This is another separation technique used to isolate proteins like GFP using differences in concentrations rather than molecular size. Chromatography The idea that surviving members of a population depleted due to a natural disaster may not be an accurate representation of the original gene pool Bottleneck Effect This is the defining abiotic factor of the tundra Permafrost Traits that are determined by more than one pair of alleles are classified as these types of traits Polygenic O - C - OH Carboxyl When the cell membrane handed out glucose in the cell game, we should have had the glucose coming in through a protein channel. What type of transport does glucose really use? Facilitated Diffusion The ends of chromosomes serving as a buffer zone as they shorten with each replication event Telomeres We used to think one gene made one protein. How is it possible to make more than one protein from a single gene? Alternative splicing Sickle cell anemia is the classical example of which evolutionary trend? Heterozygote advantage This is the assumption that other organisms have human emotions and motivations Anthropomorphism This property of water is a measure of how difficult it is to change it’s temperature Specific heat How many ATP are produced by substrate level phosphorylation? 4 (2 in glycolysis + 2 in Kreb’s) What are the chunks of lagging strand DNA made during replication of eukaryotes called? Okazaki fragments This molecule is the “tag” a protein gets that identifies it for destruction Ubiquitin Name the 5 assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 1. Large Population 2. No Mutation 3. No Migration 4. No natural selection 5. Random mating This is the process by which fossil fuels are produced Carbonification An atom that has different atomic mass than the most stable form of the element is considered to be one of these Isotope This organelle is found in abundance in liver cells because of its detoxification function. Smooth ER Name the 3 stages in the complete oxidation of glucose Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain Name Mendel’s 2 laws Law of Segregation Law of Independent Assortment Adding this functional group can cause DNA to supercoil and proteins to misfold Methyl List the 5 categories of evidence for evolution Fossils Comparative Anatomy Comparative Embryology DNA/proteins Biogeography This biome contains brackish water Estuary The idea that energy can be neither created nor destroyed 1st Law of Thermodynamics What are the 2 products of Photosystem II? Oxygen (O2) + H or ATP Transport that requires a vesicle to fuse with the membrane to spit its contents out Exocytosis In the inheritance of blood type, which two extensions of Mendelian inheritance are at work? Multiple alleles Codominance What is the central dogma of molecular biology? DNA RNA Protein This type of selection favors outliers rather than the norm Diversifying selection How much energy is lost or consumed between each trophic level? 90% What are the two types of secondary protein structure? Helix Pleated sheet Does a hypertonic cell have a high or low water potential? Low Name the cell junction that allows exchange of materials between plant cells Plasmodesmata 3 bases of tRNA is called Anticodon What type of inheritance pattern would give a 1:2:1 PHENOTYPE ratio from 2 heterozygote parents in a monohybrid cross? Incomplete dominance This is the longest of Earth’s eras in which both eukaryotic and prokaryotic life emerged Pre-Cambrian Era