Download Chapter 15 Section 2: Gene Technologies in Our Lives

Chapter 15
Gene Technologies and
Human Applications
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Genetic Engineering
Imagine the appearance of an
organism that has some genetically
determined characteristics from two
different species.
Draw a picture of your imaginary
organism.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Key Ideas
• For what purposes are genes and
proteins manipulated?
• How are cloning and stem cell
research related?
• What ethical issues arise with the
uses of gene technologies?
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Chapter 15
Section 1:
The Human Genome
Key Vocabulary Terms
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Genetic Engineering
The deliberate alteration of the
genetic material of an organism.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Recombinant DNA
DNA created in the laboratory by
combining DNA from different
sources.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Clone
An organism, cell,
or piece of genetic
material that is an
identical genetic
copy
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Stem Cell
A cell that can
divide and
differentiate to
form a specialized
cell type or tissue.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Chapter 15
Section 1:
The Human Genome
Supplementary
Vocabulary Words
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Recombinant, Transgenic,
or Genetically Modified
Organisms with recombinant genes
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Genetically Modified Organisms
(GMOs):
In everyday
use, a common
reference for
organisms with
recombinant
genes
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Proteomics (PROH tee OHM iks):
The study of
how proteins
interact within
cells.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Cloning
Making a clone in a lab.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Somatic-Cell Nuclear Transfer
(SCNT):
In this process, the nucleus of an egg
cell is replaced with the nucleus of an
adult cell. Then, the egg begins to
develop into an embryo.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Genomic imprinting:
The effect where
chemicals in the
reproductive system
turn “on” or “off”
certain genes in the
developing gametes.
These genes later
affect development
from embryo to adult.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Totipotent cells:
Stem cells
that can
give rise to
any cell or
tissue type.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Pluripotent cells:
Stem cells
that can give
rise to all
types of cells
except germ
cells.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Multipotent cells:
Stem cells that can give rise to just
a few other cell types.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Ethical
Conforming to
moral standards
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Intellectual property (IP):
The ownership
of the ideas or
plans that a
person creates.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Patent
A specific set of rights that allow an
inventor to control and profit from
the uses of his or her idea.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Chapter 15
Section 1:
The Human Genome
Notes
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Everyday Applications
• Genetic engineering was first applied
to bacteria, viruses, and plants and is
now applied to many life-forms, such
as:
–Food Crops
–Livestock
–Medical Treatment
–Basic Research Tools
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Manipulating Genes
Organisms may be
modified to provide us
with:
~a better food supply,
~clean up toxic waste,
~improved healthcare.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Manipulating Cell Interactions
Tissue culture cells can be studied
closely and experimentally controlled.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
15-2 Gene Technologies
Organisms with
modified genes
may be called:
~recombinant,
~transgenic, or
~genetically
modified
organisms (GMO)
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
15-2 Gene Technologies
Manipulating Bodies and
Development - Cloning Dolly
1997
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Manipulating Bodies and
Development, continued
Cloning, continued
• Although scientists have successfully
cloned many kinds of animals, only a
few of the cloned offspring have
survived for long.
4th, 6th,
7th
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Manipulating Bodies and
Development, continued
Using Stem Cells
• Some stem cells have more potential
to differentiate than others.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Manipulating Bodies and Development
– Stem Cells
Two main sources:
1. Adult – can develop
into some types of cells
(multipotent)
2. Embryonic – can
develop into all cells
except germ cells
(pluripotent)
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
5th
15-2 Gene Technologies
Stem Cells
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Manipulating Bodies and
Development, continued
Using Stem Cells
• The use of embryos for stem cell
research poses ethical problems.
• An alternative source of
embryonic stem cells is through
SCNT.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Ethical and Societal Issues
1. Safety – Genes may be transferred
to other organisms or cause harm to
other organisms.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Ethical and Social Issues
Safety
• GMOs can have unforeseen effects.
• Ecologists worry that we do not know
enough to safely manipulate genes
on a large scale.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
15-2 Gene Technologies
Ethical and Societal Issues
2. Human Rights – Who should have
access to our genetic data? Who
should be tested?
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Ethical and Social Issues
Human Rights
• The DNA of individuals can be tested
for risks of genetic disorders.
• This possibility raises many ethical
questions.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
15-2 Gene Technologies
Ethical and Societal Issues
A patent is a set of rights that allows an
inventor to control and profit from his or
her idea. Are genes part of nature, or
intellectual property?
3. Property Laws –
Since the 1980s, genes can be
patented!
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008