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The Human Organism and the Perpetuation of Life • Write the black, read the red WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT CELLS? Follow in workbook pg. 67 The Cell building blocks of all living organisms. Start= all the same, become specialized. Use pg. 127 of your textbook to help you fill in the cell diagram • We will only really focus on the Nucleus, DNA, and the Mitochondria Homework: Workbook pg. 68 DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) DNA = a double helix molecule located in the cell nucleus when straightened looks like a ladder. molecule = 2 chains are linked by pairs of tiny molecules called bases adenine guanine thymine cytosine Label diagram on pg. 69 of workbook using pg. 128 of the textbook The Human Genome A genome = complete set of genetic information of an individual Genes Genes = a section of DNA with genetic information required for a particular job. small differences between each of our genes, making us all different Genetic Diversity All possible variation of genes = e.g. blue, brown eyes Only identical twins are genetically identical • More individuals in a population = greater the genetic diversity (larger gene pool) • The smaller the gene pool, the more genetic abnormalities Homework: Workbook pg. 70 Discussion: Textbook Pg 152, Questions 1-7 Cell Division Cell Division = the process to produce new cells to: increase cell count (grow) regenerate damaged/broken tissue sexual reproduction Cells not dividing all the time = interphase Chromosomes • Has genetic material from father and mother • 23 pairs = total of 46 chromosomes (2n, or diploid) Chromosomes Human Cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes Tightly coiled DNA strand gives the chromosome its recognizable shape Caryotype of a male Caryotype of a female Before cell divides = copies all DNA bases = proper sequence until 2 identical strands. Fill in Workbook pg. 71 and the handout using pg. 134 of textbook Stages of Mitosis film • mitosis models Meiosis= sex cell division division of certain cells = produce sperm and ovum (gametes) Gives 4 daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes (n or haploid) Meiosis film Fill in workbook pg. 72 using pg. 135 of textbook Daughter cell comparison Mitosis • 23 pairs of chromosomes • Diploid (2n) Meiosis • 23 chromosomes • 2 daughter cells produced • 4 daughter cells produced • Haploid (n) Workbook pg. 73 & 74 Discussion: textbook Pg. 152, questions 8-15 Cellular Specialization Follow on pg. 75 of workbook Tissues ,Organs and Systems Our cells = specialized but work together Tissues = Cells with common function Organs= a structure made of various tissues with specific function Systems= group of organs and tissues working together Tissues 1. Epithelial tissue: Function: Covers & protects organs (inside and out) E.g. skin, lining of stomach, lining of lungs, etc. 2. Connective tissue: Function: Binds & supports tissues and organs, provides protection & nutrients E.g. tendons, cartilage, blood, bones, fat 3. Nervous tissue: Function: Control and guide body activity, transmit messages E.g. brain, spinal cord, nerves 4. Muscular tissue: Function: contract & regain shape =making body move e.g. heart, internal organs, skeletal muscles Organ Systems group of organs and tissues that work together to perform a task. e.g. The respiratory system Discussion: Textbook Pg. 153, questions 16-18 Homework: Workbook pg. 76 Cells and tissues colouring • Colour the diagram according to the cell and tissue type • All similar letters get coloured the same colour • E.g. This handout shows individual epithelial cells, a small group of epithelial cells, and epithelial tissue. They all get coloured the same colour The Reproductive System Stages of human development Fertilization = fusion of an ovum (n) and a spermatozoan (n). Gives 1 complete cell, zygote, with all genetic material (2n) Conception video Stages of human growth Puberty • The change that prepares the human body for reproduction. • Usually occurs between ages 10-14 • The beginning of puberty is marked by a progressive increase in the production of sex hormones. • Hormones are chemical messengers transported by blood to control actions of organs Hormones Women Hormones that trigger function puberty • Stimulate maturation • FSH (follicleof ova stimulating hormone) • Stimulate ovaries to • LH (luteinizing produce female sex hormone) hormones Hormones Women Sex hormones • Estrogens, progesterone function • Start develop primary and secondary sexual characteristics Hormones Men Hormones that trigger function puberty • Stimulate production • FSH (follicleof spermatozoa stimulating hormone) • Stimulate testicles to • LH (luteinizing produce male sex hormone) hormones Hormones Men Sex hormones • testosterone function • Start develop primary and secondary sexual characteristics Sexual characteristics Primary sexual characteristics Secondary sexual characteristics Women • Genital organs mature • Menstrual cycle begins Women • body hair appears • Breasts develop • Pelvis widens Sexual characteristics Primary sexual characteristics Secondary sexual characteristics Men • Genital organs mature Men • body hair appears • Skeletal muscles grow • Larynx enlarges (voice drops) Homework: pg. 78 in Workbook Discussion: Textbook Pg. 154, questions 19-23 Female reproductive system Fill in the diagram on pg. 79 of the workbook using pg. 144 of your textbook Oogenesis • = the process of ovum (egg) production by meiosis The Ovarian Cycle • = the process whereby a single ovarian follicle matures (in order to release an ovum) and changes into a corpus luteum (in order to encourage the implatation of the ovum in the uterus) Oogenesis & The Ovarian Cycle The Menstrual Cycle • Represents all of the periodic changes in the uterine endometrium The Menstrual Cycle • Has three phases: Menstrual phase Proliferation phase Secretory phase Fill in page 80 of your workbook using the tables on page 146 and 147 of your textbook Menopause • Occurs in women over the age of 40 • Ovarian and Menstrual end • End of fertility Homework: Pg. 81 & 82 in workbook Discussion Questions: pg. 154 #24-31 Male Reproductive System Fill in the diagram on pg. 83 of the workbook using pg. 149 of your textbook Spermatogenesis • = the process of sperm production by meiosis Erection and Ejaculation • An ERECTION involves the increase in volume and rigidity of the penis as a result of sexual arousal • EJACULATION is the expulsion of semen by the penis Birth Control • Have a look at page 151 in your textbook Homework: page 84 of your workbook Discussion Questions: Pg. 155 # 32-34 Build a Concept Map • Using the the words on page 155 to fill in concept maps 1-3 for Chapter 5 of your textbook. • You can use your notes too. Study questions: workbook pg. 85-88, questions 1-21 Page 68 1. They are the basic units of all living beings 2. A) Nucleus B) Cell Membrane C) Cytoplasm 3. A) cytosol B) Endoplasmic reticulum C) Lysosomes Page 68 D) Nucleus E) Cell membrane F) Mitochondria G) Endoplasmic reticulum or ribosomes H) Golgi apparatus I) DNA J) Nuclear membrane 4. A) Yes B) No C) Yes D) No Page 70 1. Example answers: digesting nutrients, making hair grow, repairing wounds, sending messages to another cell, giving eyes their color, etc. 2. - sexual reproduction - large population 3. A) DNA B) Gene C) Genome D) Genetic Diversity 4. Identical twins Page 70 5. A) adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine B) 2 C) because each base always binds with the same base 6. No, these unions will not be beneficial because they will decrease genetic diversity. There will therefore be a greater risk of genetic diseases developing Page 73 1. a) True b) True c) False d) True 2. A) Chromosomes or a human genome B) because one chromosome comes from your mom, the other from your dad 3. a) telophase b) metaphase c) anaphase d) prophase 4. a) male gametes or sperm(atozoa) b) female gametes or ova (eggs) Page 74 5. Similarities: The parent cell is diploid, the DNA from the parent cell coils and condenses to form pairs of chromosomes with identical chromatids Differences: During meiosis cell divides twice instead of only once, in meiosis the four daughter cells end up with only half the genetic material while in mitosis the two daughter cells have the same genetic material as parent cell Page 74 6. Cell division method Example Function Mitosis Our bones getting Growth longer during childhood Mitosis A scar forming when we cut ourselves Repair Meiosis Production of gametes Sexual reproduction Mitosis Dead skin cells replaced by new cells Tissue repair 7. Diploid cells have twice as many chromosomes as haploid cell, or diploid cells have two copies of each gene while haploid cells have only one Page 76 1. a) muscle tissue b) connective tissue c) nerve tissue 2. Function Examples cover and protect Epithelial tissue of the skin secrete Epithelial tissue of salvary glands absorb Epithelial tissue of the small intestine filter Epithelial tissue of the kidney 3. A – cartilage tissue B – bone tissue C – blood tissue D – fatty tissue 4. System: Cardiovascular System Organ: Heart Tissue: Muscle Tissue Page 78 1. Hormone Gland Female Male FSH, LH, progesterone, estrogen, testosterone Pituitary gland Estrogen, Progesterone Testosterone 2. See diagram in textbook 3. A – yes, secondary B – no C – yes, primary D – yes, secondary E – yes, primary F – no G – yes, secondary 4. Through fertilization of the mother’s ova by the father’s spermatozoa Page 81 1. See diagram in textbook 2. A – 3 B–4 C–2 D–6 E–5 F–1 3. a) ovarian follicle ruptures (ovulation) b) Ovarian follicle changes into a corpus luteum c) Menstruation or increase in FSH production d) Thickening of the endometrium or decrease in the production of FSH and LH e) An ovarian follicle develops Page 82 4. Menstrual phase – 2 to 6 Proliferation phase – 7 to12 Ovulation – 13 Secretory phase – 14 to 26 Menstrual phase – 27 to 31 5. a) Ovarian follicle c) Corpus Luteum e) Ovarian follicle b) Pituitary gland d) Uterus f) Endometrium Page 82 6. Ovulation will take place of the 16th day because it occurs after a surge of FSH hormones Page 84 1. a) seminiferous tubules in the testicles b) Spermatogenesis c) Spermatogonia d) Prostate and seminal vesicles e) Corpora cavernosa and spongiosa 2. A – C – E – B – D 3. See diagram in textbook