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Mendel and Mendelian Genetics I. Gregor Mendel • Heredity – passing of characteristics (traits) from parents to offspring • Genetics – biology that studies heredity II. Pea Plant Experiments • Breeding pea plants – Reproduce sexually • Fertilization – gametes form zygote (fertilized cell) • Pollination – pollen grains from male to female II. Pea Plant Experiments • Cross pollination – breed one plant with another (did it manually) II. Pea Plant Experiments • Mendel observed seven characteristics. • Each occurred in two contrasting traits. II. Pea Plant Experiments (Monohybrid Cross) • Mendel crossed short plant with tall plant (P Generation). • ALL offspring (hybrids) were tall. (F1 Generation) • 2nd Generation (F2) – tall plants from 1st generation to self-pollinate III. Mendel’s Conclusions • Each organism has two factors that control each trait • Alleles – genes in alternative form • Genes – parts of chromosomes (DNA) that control specific characteristics III. Mendel’s Conclusions • Organisms ALWAYS have two alleles (one on each chromosome) • Alleles can be either dominant or recessive III. Mendel’s Conclusions • Dominant trait – masks the presence of other traits for the same characteristic • Recessive trait – is masked by dominant trait for the same characteristic IV. Rule of Dominance • If an organism had one dominant allele, this trait would be expressed, hiding the recessive trait • Capital letters = Dominant allele • Lowercase = Recessive V. Law of Segregation 1) There are alternate versions of genes called alleles. 2) For each characteristic, an organism inherits two alleles. 3) Alleles interact in a number of ways. 4) The two alleles for a trait separate during gamete production Vocabulary • Phenotype – observed characteristics (example: long or short neck) • Genotype – genetic makeup of an individual (example: Nn or nn) Vocabulary • Homozygous – two of the same alleles • Homozygous dominant two dominant alleles (TT) • Homozygous recessive – two recessive alleles (tt) Vocabulary • Heterozygous – two different alleles (Tt) • One is dominant and one is recessive Example • Long necks in giraffes are dominant to short necks (N and n) • Genes vs. displayed trait VII. Law of Independent Assortment • Inheritance of one trait will not affect the inheritance of another. • Only true for traits not linked. VIII. Punnett Squares • Reginald Punnet (1905) developed Punnet squares. Monohybrid Cross VIII. Punnett Squares • Shows probability, yet not exact outcomes (genetics follows rule of chance)