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Week 6 Notes Probability and Heredity & The Cell and Inheritance Pages 84 – 89 and Pages 92 – 96 I. Probability A. PRINCIPLES OF PROBABLILITY a. __PROBABILITY__ is a __NUMBER__ that describes how __LIKELY__ it is that an __EVENT__ will occur. 1. Mathematics of Probability a. The laws of probability __PREDICT__ what is likely to occur, not necessarily what will occur. 2. Independence of Events a. __RESULTS__ of one event __DO NOT__ affect the results of the next event b. In a coin toss, the __RESULTS__ of any amount of tosses __DO NOT__ affect the __RESULTS__ of the next toss. B. PROBABILITY AND GENETICS 1. Punnett Squares a. A __PUNNETT SQUARE__ is a chart that shows all the __POSSIBLE__ combinations of __ALLELES__ that can result from a __GENETIC CROSS__ b. The __BOXES__ in the __PUNNETT SQUARE__ represent the possible __COMBINATIONS__ of alleles that the __OFFSPRING__ can __INHEREIT__ 2. Using a Punnett Square a. In a __GENETIC__ cross, the __ALLELE__ that each parent will __PASS__ on to its offspring is based on __PROBABILITY__ b. When __MENDEL__ crossed __HYBRID__ plants with round seeds, he discovered that about __3__ out of the 4 plants had round seeds. c. __DOMINANT__ alleles __MASKS__ the __RECESSIVE__ allele. 3. Predicting Probabilities a. You can use a __PUNNETT SQUARE__ to predict __PROBABILITIES__ C. PHENOTYPES and GENOTYPES a. __PHENOTYPE__ is an organisms __PHYSICAL__ traits, or __VISIBLE__ traits b. Examples: __EAR LOBES__, __HAIR COLOR__, __TONGUE ROLLING__ c. __GENOTYPES__ is an organisms __GENETIC__ makeup, or __ALLELEL COMBINATION__ d. Examples: __R R__, __r r__, __R r__ C. PHENOTYPES and GENOTYPES Cont. e. An organism that has 2 __IDENTICAL__ alleles for a __TRAIT__ is said to be __HOMOZYGOUS__ for that trait. f. Example: __R R__ or __r r__ g. An organism that has 2 __DIFFERNET__ alleles a trait is called __HETEROZYGOUS__ for that trait h. Example: __R r__ i. __HYBRID__ is a word that __MENDEL__ used for __HETEROZYGOUS__ D. CODOMINANCE a. For __CODOMINANCE__ the alleles are __NEITHER__ dominant nor recessive. __BOTH__ alleles are expressed in the __OFFSPRING__ II. The Cell and Inheritance A. CHROMOSOMES and INHERITANCE a. Sex cells have __HALF__ the number of __CHROMOSOMES__ than other __CELLS__ 1. Chromosome Pairs a. Most cells in the body have __46__ chromosomes; in __SEX__ cells there is __23__ b. For a normal cell __23__ come from your __MOTHER__ and __23__ come from your __FATHER__ 2. Genes on Chromosomes a. __GENES__ are carried from __PARENTS__ to their __OFFSPRING__ on __CHROMOSOMES__ B. MEIOSIS a. __MEIOSIS__ is the process by which the __NUMBER__ of __CHROMOSOMES__ is reduced by __HALF__ to form sex cells – __SPERM__ and __EGGS__ 1. What Happens During Meiosis a. During __MEIOSIS__ the __CHROMOSOME pairs __SEPARATE__ and are distributed to __2__ different __CELLS__ b. __NORMAL__ cells have __4__ chromosomes, a __SEX__ cell has __2__ chromosomes c. __SEX__cells combine to form an __ORGANISM__ each sex __CELL__ contributes __HALF__ the normal number of __CHROMOSOMES__. d. The __OFFSPRING__ gets the __NORMAL__ number of chromosomes – __HALF__ from each __PARENT__ 2. Meiosis and Punnett Squares a. A __PUNNETT SQUARE__ is actually a way to show the __EVENTS__ that occur at __MEIOSIS__ b. When the __CHROMOSOMES__ pairs separate and go into __2__ different sex __CELLS__, so do the __ALLELES__ carried on each __CHROMOSOME__. C. A LINEUP OF GENES a. __HUMAN__ body cells contain __23__ chromosomes pairs, or __46__ chromosomes. b. Chromosomes are made up of many __GENES__ joined together like beads on a string. c. Human body __CELLS__ contain between __20,000__ and __25,000__ genes. Each __GENE__ control a __TRAIT__