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Cloning • • Growing a population of genetically identical cells from a single cell. 1997 - Ian Wilmut with Dolly, the cloned sheep 1. Remove nucleus from egg cell 2. Fuse de-nucleated cell with a body cell from another adult 3. Cells fuse to become 2N and then divides 4. Implant embryo in reproductive system of foster mother DNA Fingerprinting • Using cut DNA at specific sites to determine the source of the DNA. • Analyzes sections of DNA that have little to no function but vary greatly from one person to the next (called repeats) • RFLP analysis – Hello Dolly! How is it done? • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. RFLP analysis – Restriction fragment length polymorphism. We each have non-coding segments on our DNA. (Junk???) Extract DNA sample from blood or tissues Cut DNA using restriction enzymes. Fragment lengths varies with each person Separate fragments by gel electrophoresis – separates DNA fragments by the # of base pairs (length of the fragment) Place DNA sample into wells in the agarose gel – molecular sieve Run a current through the gel. The DNA (negatively charged) will migrate from (-) to (+) The larger fragments will not migrate that far. The small fragments will go the furthest. Stain gel and bands in a dye or use a radioactive probe to analyze the banding • Electrophoresis “electro” = electricity “phoros” = to carry across • (Nucleic acids or proteins) on the basis of size, electric charge and other physical properties Who did it? Suspect #1 or #2 • #1’s fingerprint matches the evidence left. • Neither Suspect #2 nor the Victim matches #1. • Therefore, #1 did it!! • Your VNTRs (variable # tandem repeats) are inherited from your parents Shown below are the VNTR patterns for Mrs. Nguyen [blue], & Mr. Nguyen [yellow] • Their four children: – D1 (the Nguyens' biological daughter) – D2 (Mr. Nguyen's step-daughter, child of Mrs. Nguyen and her former husband [red]) – S1 (the Nguyens' biological son) – S2 (the Nguyens' adopted son, not biologically related [his parents are light and dark green]). Gene Therapy • Treatment of a genetic disorder by correcting a defective gene that causes the production of a defective protein. • Researchers tried to engineer a virus that carries a copy of the normal gene to infect the affected cells • Has not been proven to be successful yet How gene therapy works: Stem Cell Research • Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can be induced to specialize into different tissues • Embryonic stem cells –Come from discared embryos no longer needed for in vitro fertilization –Can give rise to any other tissue Stem cell research • Adult stem cells – Give rise to only a few types of tissues – Do not divide long out of the body • Induced pluripotent stem cells (2007) – Change adult somatic cells into stem cells by forced expression of embryonic genes Legislation on stem cell research lifted by Obama • Prior to Obama, the government would not support stem cell research on embryonic stem cells, only on adult stem cell and established embryonic stem cell lines • 2009 Obama lifted ban and made money available to scientists for embryonic stem cell research Goals of stem cell research • What are the intended uses of stem cells? 1. Repair damaged tissues in the body Spinal cord injury, stroke, burns, heart disease, dabetes, osteoarthritis, rheumatiod arthritis 2. Possible organ/tissue transplants 3. Treat certain diseases 4. Test new medicaitons