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SIBO: A Social Insect Behavior Ontology for Ants and Bees Christopher D. Smith Ph.D. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Assistant Professor Bioinformatics San Francisco State University San Francisco, CA 94132 [email protected] Drosophila Heterochromatin Genome Project Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Berkeley, CA 94720 www.dhgp.org [email protected] Drosophila melanogaster • 100 years of experimental data • ‘Complete’ sequenced genome • Many well-characterized behavior & other phenotypes QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Microarray & other large scale datasets Adams & Venter et. al. Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2185-95. Genes Often Very Conserved in Metazoans QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor QuickTime™ and a are needed to see this picture. TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Eyeless is a classic example – No eyes in flies, mice – Human Blindness (Aniridia) QuickTi me™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Numerous Other examples – Alcoholism • cheapdate = cAMP signaling • LUSH = odorant receptor – Learning & Memory • dunce = cAMP metabolism – Limb Development (Homeotic) QuickT ime™ and a TI FF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Cooperativity: D. melanogaster dunce gene involved in learning & group behavior • dunce = cAMP phosphodiesterase • ‘Search Aggregation’ in Drosophila: group advantage in finding good Tinette & Robichon. Genes Brain Behav. 2004 Feb;3(1):39-50. • dunce overexpressed on worker bees relative to queen in bees Judice & Pereira. Insect Molecular Biology (2006) 15 (1), 33-44. • dunce ortholog & dunce-like genes related to schizophrenia in humans Millar & Morteous. Science Vol.310. no. 5751, pp. 1187. Numerous Insect Genomes Available Million Years Eusocial Insects Are Overdue for Genomics • Extensive Natural History & Literature • Behavior Assays Already Developed • Extensive Epigenetic Caste Regulation – Lifespan – Morphology – Complex Social Behavior • Leverage Drosophila and use genetic, genomic, phenotype data • Social Insect Similarities to Humans – Dominant global species – Individualism – Slavery, Policing reviewed in “The Ants” E. O Wilson – Agriculture Mueller & Schultz. Science, v281:2034 – Teaching Franks & Richardson. Nature. v439:153 QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Grimaldie & Engel Evolution of the Insects Cambridge University Press >11,500 Ant species >25,000 Bee species >2800 Termite Species Eusocial Insects Differeniate into Castes with Distinct Behaviors & Shapes • Eusocial Hallmarks – Division of labor- Workers, Soldier, Queens, etc… – Sterile Castes (not req’d)- Single & Multiple Queens possible – Multiple generations lives in nest - Older generations care for younger • Social behavior NOT genetically defined – Eusocial behavior has arisen many times in different species – Genetic predisposition, but no ‘hard-corded’ castes – Castes are temporally regulated in some species • Behavior is epigenetically regulated – Genetically identical individuals express different phenotypes Image Credit : Amy Beaton, Rubin Lab http://www.bdgp.org/cgi-bin/ex/insitu.pl Caste Programming Depend on Hormones & Environment Cues QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. JH = Juvenile Hormone Abouheif & Wray Evolution of the Gene Network Underlying Wing Polyphenism in Ants Science 12 July 2002: Vol. 297. no. 5579, pp. 249 - 252 Covergent Behaviors in Ants & Bees Worker & Queen Bees Express Unique Gene Subsets • Genetically identical animals exhibit widely varied gene expression profiles • Numerous caste specific genes have been identified in bees, ants & termites QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. •With completion of ‘beenome’ many more behavioral microarray expts. planned Wheeler et. al. Expression profiles during honeybee caste determination GenomeBiology2000, 2(1):research0001.1-0001.6 Identification of Putative Orthologs TBLASTN approach using the Comparative Genomics Library (CGL) Best ‘multiple-hit’ used to determine orthologous exons Orthologous introns inferred when both flanking exons are found CG40919 QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Behaviors can be linked to SNPs Perception • Africanized bees – Pursue Enemy 10-30x further – More reactive to color, movement – 4-10x stinging Disengagement – Disengage less – Alert quickly – Larger defense perimeter Orientation 1o Discrimination or Identification Recruitment Alert Approach • Using comparative annotation we can link ‘Africanized’ SNPs to gene and regulatory annotations – e.g. Dopamine receptor mutations • DRD4 – e.g. Serotonin promoter polymorphism • hSlc6a4,dSerT Threat 2o Discrimination or Identification ATTACK! Adapted from Breed & Hunt 2004. Annu. Rev. Entolom. 49:271-98 Seeding the Ontology • Currently only 100 terms • Estimated 3500 behaviors in ants and bees QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Derived from Drosophila GO behavior terms and bee/ant literature QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Link Behaviors to ‘Language’ Genes • Ants have more chemical producing glands than any known organism – Queens can chemically inhibit fertility through colony – Queens can call ‘group alarm’ for attack & defense – Workers can communicate novel information to others back and forth (i.e. teaching) • Link Behaviors to Chemicals – e.g. ‘Mortician Ants’ respond to oleate from decomposition Reviewed in Holldobler & Wilson, The Ants, 1990 Eusocial Insects Use a Complex Chemical Language that is Genetically Defined • Language is an important aspect of social evolution across taxa – High-density – Peer Conflict Resolution – Division of labor – Group Defense • Ants Can ‘Read’ Hundreds of Chemicals – Few receptors known • Biogenic Amines – e.g. octapamine involved in honeybee aggression – Few genes identified Reviewed in Holldobler & Wilson, The Ants, 1990 Semiochemical & Anatomy Ontology QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. • derives_from relationships need to be defined Linking Behavior, Anatomy, & Semiochemicals QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Present & Future work • Collection of terms & definition from honeybee and ant literature & community • Prioritization of behaviors associated to genes discovered in behavioral microarray experiments • Curation of ‘derives_from’ relationships for semiochemicals and anatomy • Curation of ‘precedes’ and ‘follows’ relationships for behavior actions (e.g. mating) • Adaptation of Drosophila anatomy onotology for honeybees and ants • Determination of cross-products with other ontologies such as CHEBI and GO Ackowledgements • Drosophila Heterochromatin Genome Project (DHGP) – – – – Chris Mungall - Databases, Ontologies Nicole Washington - PATO Suzanna Lewis- Group Leader John Richter - OBO-Edit • Collaborators – Neil Tsutsui - UC Irvine – Chris Elsik - BeeBase fin