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SIBO: A Social Insect Behavior
Ontology for Ants and Bees
Christopher D. Smith Ph.D.
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Assistant Professor Bioinformatics
San Francisco State University
San Francisco, CA 94132
[email protected]
Drosophila Heterochromatin Genome Project
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
Berkeley, CA 94720
www.dhgp.org
[email protected]
Drosophila
melanogaster
• 100 years of experimental data
• ‘Complete’ sequenced genome
• Many well-characterized
behavior & other phenotypes
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• Microarray & other large scale
datasets
Adams & Venter et. al.
Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2185-95.
Genes Often Very
Conserved in Metazoans
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• Eyeless is a classic
example
– No eyes in flies, mice
– Human Blindness (Aniridia)
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• Numerous Other examples
– Alcoholism
• cheapdate = cAMP signaling
• LUSH = odorant receptor
– Learning & Memory
• dunce = cAMP metabolism
– Limb Development (Homeotic)
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Cooperativity: D. melanogaster dunce
gene involved in learning & group behavior
• dunce = cAMP phosphodiesterase
• ‘Search Aggregation’ in Drosophila: group
advantage in finding good
Tinette & Robichon. Genes Brain Behav. 2004 Feb;3(1):39-50.
• dunce overexpressed on worker bees
relative to queen in bees
Judice & Pereira. Insect Molecular Biology (2006) 15 (1), 33-44.
• dunce ortholog & dunce-like genes
related to schizophrenia in humans Millar &
Morteous. Science Vol.310. no. 5751, pp. 1187.
Numerous Insect Genomes Available
Million Years
Eusocial Insects Are Overdue for Genomics
•
Extensive Natural History & Literature
•
Behavior Assays Already Developed
•
Extensive Epigenetic Caste Regulation
– Lifespan
– Morphology
– Complex Social Behavior
•
Leverage Drosophila and use genetic, genomic,
phenotype data
•
Social Insect Similarities to Humans
– Dominant global species
– Individualism
– Slavery, Policing reviewed in “The Ants” E. O Wilson
– Agriculture Mueller & Schultz. Science, v281:2034
– Teaching Franks & Richardson. Nature. v439:153
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Grimaldie & Engel
Evolution of the Insects
Cambridge University Press
>11,500 Ant species
>25,000 Bee species
>2800 Termite Species
Eusocial Insects Differeniate into Castes
with Distinct Behaviors & Shapes
•
Eusocial Hallmarks
– Division of labor- Workers, Soldier, Queens, etc…
– Sterile Castes (not req’d)- Single & Multiple Queens possible
– Multiple generations lives in nest - Older generations care for younger
•
Social behavior NOT genetically defined
– Eusocial behavior has arisen many times in different species
– Genetic predisposition, but no ‘hard-corded’ castes
– Castes are temporally regulated in some species
•
Behavior is epigenetically regulated
– Genetically identical individuals express different phenotypes
Image Credit : Amy Beaton, Rubin Lab
http://www.bdgp.org/cgi-bin/ex/insitu.pl
Caste Programming Depend on
Hormones & Environment Cues
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JH = Juvenile Hormone
Abouheif & Wray
Evolution of the Gene Network Underlying Wing Polyphenism in Ants
Science 12 July 2002: Vol. 297. no. 5579, pp. 249 - 252
Covergent Behaviors in Ants & Bees
Worker & Queen Bees Express Unique
Gene Subsets
• Genetically identical animals
exhibit widely varied gene
expression profiles
• Numerous caste specific
genes have been identified in
bees, ants & termites
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•With completion of ‘beenome’
many more behavioral
microarray expts. planned
Wheeler et. al. Expression profiles during honeybee caste determination
GenomeBiology2000, 2(1):research0001.1-0001.6
Identification of Putative Orthologs
 TBLASTN approach using the Comparative Genomics Library (CGL)
 Best ‘multiple-hit’ used to determine orthologous exons
 Orthologous introns inferred when both flanking exons are found
CG40919
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Behaviors can be linked to SNPs
Perception
•
Africanized bees
– Pursue Enemy 10-30x further
– More reactive to color, movement
– 4-10x stinging
Disengagement
– Disengage less
– Alert quickly
– Larger defense perimeter
Orientation
1o Discrimination
or Identification
Recruitment
Alert
Approach
• Using comparative annotation we
can link ‘Africanized’ SNPs to gene
and regulatory annotations
– e.g. Dopamine receptor mutations
• DRD4
– e.g. Serotonin promoter polymorphism
• hSlc6a4,dSerT
Threat
2o Discrimination
or Identification
ATTACK!
Adapted from Breed & Hunt
2004. Annu. Rev. Entolom. 49:271-98
Seeding the Ontology
• Currently only 100
terms
• Estimated 3500
behaviors in ants
and bees
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• Derived from
Drosophila GO
behavior terms
and bee/ant
literature
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Link Behaviors to ‘Language’ Genes
•
Ants have more chemical
producing glands than any known
organism
– Queens can chemically inhibit
fertility through colony
– Queens can call ‘group alarm’
for attack & defense
– Workers can communicate
novel information to others
back and forth (i.e. teaching)
•
Link Behaviors to Chemicals
– e.g. ‘Mortician Ants’ respond
to oleate from decomposition
Reviewed in Holldobler & Wilson, The Ants, 1990
Eusocial Insects Use a Complex Chemical
Language that is Genetically Defined
•
Language is an important aspect of
social evolution across taxa
– High-density
– Peer Conflict Resolution
– Division of labor
– Group Defense
• Ants Can ‘Read’ Hundreds of
Chemicals
– Few receptors known
•
Biogenic Amines
– e.g. octapamine involved in
honeybee aggression
– Few genes identified
Reviewed in Holldobler & Wilson, The Ants, 1990
Semiochemical & Anatomy
Ontology
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• derives_from relationships need to be defined
Linking Behavior, Anatomy, &
Semiochemicals
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Present & Future work
• Collection of terms & definition from honeybee and ant literature &
community
• Prioritization of behaviors associated to genes discovered in behavioral
microarray experiments
• Curation of ‘derives_from’ relationships for semiochemicals and anatomy
• Curation of ‘precedes’ and ‘follows’ relationships for behavior actions (e.g.
mating)
• Adaptation of Drosophila anatomy onotology for honeybees and ants
• Determination of cross-products with other ontologies such as CHEBI and
GO
Ackowledgements
• Drosophila Heterochromatin Genome Project (DHGP)
–
–
–
–
Chris Mungall - Databases, Ontologies
Nicole Washington - PATO
Suzanna Lewis- Group Leader
John Richter - OBO-Edit
• Collaborators
– Neil Tsutsui - UC Irvine
– Chris Elsik - BeeBase
fin