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Decode 26-A 17-J 8-S 25-B 16-K 7-T 24-C 15-L 6-U 23-D 14-M 5-V 22-E 13-N 4-W 21-F 12-O 3-X 20-G 11-P 2-Y 19-H 10-Q 1-Z 18-I 9-R Yes, It’s a Lobster • What makes lobsters red? • What causes the color change? Nitrogenous Bases(A) Adenine - blue 3 (G) Guanine – brown 3 3 (T) Thymine – gray 3 (C) Cytosine – white Sugar – orange 12 Hydrogen bond – red 6 12 Phosphate – yellow or orange DNA Models What Does DNA Look Like? With the person sitting next to you: Make 6 nucleotides using any combination of the 6 nitrogen bases. (Show me - 1 point) Link them together at the deoxyribose and phosphate connections. (Show me - 1 point) Make 6 complimentary nucleotides to the ones you just made. Link these nucleotides together at the deoxyribose and phosphate connections. (Show me - 1 point) Now add a hydrogen bond to each of your original nucleotides and connect them with the complimentary strand. (Show me - 1 point) Draw the DNA model you just made. How Does DNA Replicate? With another table: 1. Keep one of the DNA molecules that was made intact. Disassemble the other DNA molecule into separate nucleotides. 2. “Unzip” the DNA by separating the two strands at the hydrogen bonds. Keep the top hydrogen bond attached. Open the sides of the DNA and make a diagram. 3. Starting at the bottom, add the correct nucleotides to each side by following the rules for base-pairing. Add three nucleotides to each side. 4. Make a drawing of your DNA molecules. If you were to complete all the nucleotide pairings, would the two new strands of DNA be exact copies of the one original strand? Types of Mutations 1. Substitution A substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for another (i.e., a change in a single “chemical letter” such as switching an A to a G). Such a substitution could: A. change a codon to one that encodes a different amino acid and cause a small change in the protein produced. For example, sickle cell anemia is caused by a substitution which alters one amino acid in the protein responsible for making hemoglobin. B. change a codon to one that encodes the same amino acid and causes no change in the protein produced. C. change an amino-acid-coding codon to a single “stop” codon and cause an incomplete protein. Types of Mutations 2. Insertion Insertions are mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA. Types of Mutations 3. Deletion Deletions are mutations in which a section of DNA is lost, or deleted. Using Genetic Knowledge Genetic Engineering: manipulating individual genes within organisms Genetic Identification: using the unique patterns found in an individual’s DNA to identify how closely related two organisms are to each other