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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Objective: SWBAT: Summarize the Characteristics of organic compounds IOT: Identify the function and structure of biomolecules 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life. Meaning all living things are based on carbon-based molecules. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. • Carbon atoms form stable bonds with four other atoms (Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and/or Carbon), this makes it suited for the construction of complex molecules. • Chemically, this is due to carbons 4 valence electrons which make it able to form 4 bonds to achieve stability. Valence electrons – electrons in the outermost energy level; these are the electrons that are available to bond with other atoms 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together called monomers. – Monomers join together to form a polymer. • Assembling & Disassembling Polymers via Chemical Reactions – Hydrolysis- water interacts with a polymer breaking the bonds that link monomers to each other. Break a polymer down into monomers – Dehydration synthesis- bonds are formed linking monomers together while losing water molecules. Build a polymer by bonded a bunch of monomers 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. 1. Carbohydrates • Chemical Make-up Carbohydrates are made of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio • Monomer/Polymer – Monomer: Monosaccharides – Polymer: Polysaccharides 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Functions Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. • Example Carbohydrates include sugars, cellulose, starches Polymer (starch) Polymer (cellulose) monomer Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 2. Lipids • Chemical Make-up Composed of C, H and a little O • Monomer/Polymer – Monomer: Fatty acids bonded to glycerol – Polymer: Lipids • Examples Triglycerides (fats, oils) phospholipids, steroids (cholesterol, hormones) and wax. Triglyceride 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. – saturated fatty acids – unsaturated fatty acids Chemical Structure 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Saturated versus Unsaturated fats Saturated fats butter, dairy products, meat- which remains solid at room temperature. –“Bad” because in excess raise cholesterol –Saturated or full- no more hydrogen (or other atoms) can be added Unsaturated fats avocado, soybean oil, canola oil and olive oil. –“Good” –Unsaturated or not full- More hydrogen can be added 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Functions Lipids have several different functions. – broken down as a source of energy – make up cell membranes – used to make hormones- control important body functions 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 3. Proteins • Chemical Make-up Made up of C, H, O, S and N • Monomer/Polymers – Monomer: Amino acids (Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.) – Polymer: Polypeptides or Proteins (bunch of amino acids) R group Amino group Carboxyl 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Examples - Can be found in foods like beans, nuts and meat - Enzymes - Hormones • Functions - Different proteins have different functions - Major functions include structural support, - Speed up chemical reactions (enzymes) - Communication via hormones 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Nucleic acids • Make-up Made up of C, H, O, P and N • Monomer/Polymer – Nucleotides (are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.) – Nucleic acids A phosphate group deoxyribose (sugar) nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Examples – DNA deoxyribose nucleic acid – RNA ribonucleic acid DNA Functions – DNA stores genetic information; holds instructions for controlling EVERYTHING that happens in a cell. RNA – RNA builds proteins