Download The Chemistry of Life 5

Chemistry 24.5
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24.5
Nucleic Acids
Maybe people have told you
that you have your mother’s
eyes or your father’s nose. You
do inherit the instructions for
assembling the proteins of your
body from your parents. You
will learn what these
instructions are called and how
they code for proteins.
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DNA and RNA
DNA and RNA
What are the functions of DNA and
RNA?
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DNA and RNA
Nitrogen-containing compounds, called nucleic
acids, are polymers that are found primarily in
cell nuclei. Two kinds of nuclei acids are found in
cells:
• deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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DNA and RNA
DNA stores the information needed to
make proteins and governs the
reproduction and growth of cells and
new organisms. RNA has a key role in
the transmission of the information
stored in DNA and in the synthesis of
proteins.
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DNA and RNA
The monomers that make up the DNA and RNA
polymers are called nucleotides. Each
nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a fivecarbon sugar, and a nitrogen-containing unit
called a nitrogen base.
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DNA and RNA
These strands of DNA have been extracted from
cellular material.
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DNA and RNA
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DNA and RNA
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DNA and RNA
Simulation 29
Construct a portion of a DNA molecule.
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The Genetic Code
The Genetic Code
How long a base sequence of DNA is
required to specify one amino acid in a
peptide chain?
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The Genetic Code
A gene is a segment of DNA that carries the
instructions for making one peptide chain. The
products of genes are the peptides and proteins
found in an organism.
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The Genetic Code
Three bases of DNA arranged in a
specific sequence are required to specify
one amino acid in a peptide or protein
chain.
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The Genetic Code
This space-filling model
shows only a tiny
segment of a DNA
molecule.
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The Genetic Code
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Gene Mutations
Gene Mutations
What are gene mutations?
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Gene Mutations
Substitutions, additions, or deletions of
one or more nucleotides in the DNA
molecule are called gene mutations.
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Gene Mutations
Hemoglobin
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Gene Mutations
The blood cells on the left have a distorted
shape because of sickle cell anemia. Normal
blood cells, like the ones on the right, have a
doughnut-like shape.
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DNA Fingerprinting
DNA Fingerprinting
What forms the basis for a method of
identifying a person from biological
samples?
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DNA Fingerprinting
The variation in the DNA of individuals
forms the basis for a method of
identifying a person from samples of his
or her hair, skin cells, or body fluid.
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DNA Fingerprinting
This scientist is comparing DNA fingerprints.
DNA fingerprinting is an important tool in the
identification of people.
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Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA Technology
What is recombinant DNA technology?
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Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA technology consists
of methods for cleaving a DNA chain,
inserting a new piece of DNA into the
gap created by the cleavage, and
resealing the chain.
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Recombinant DNA Technology
Insertion of
Foreign gene
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Recombinant DNA Technology
Applications in Medicine
The first practical application of recombinant
DNA technology was to insert the gene for
making human insulin into bacteria. Diabetic
patients use the human form of insulin produced
by these bacteria.
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Recombinant DNA Technology
Applications in Agriculture
New recombinant DNA techniques can make
plants resistant to pests and weed killers and
fruits and vegetables that are better suited for
shipping and storage.
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Recombinant DNA Technology
Cloning
A clone is an exact genetic copy of its parent
because it is formed using the DNA of only that
parent. Dolly the sheep had no father.
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24.5 Section Quiz.
Assess students’ understanding
of the concepts in Section 24.5.
Continue to:
-or-
Launch:
Section Quiz
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24.5 Section Quiz.
1. Each nucleotide consists of a
a. phosphate, a five-carbon sugar, and a
nitrogen base.
b. sulfate, a six-carbon sugar, and a
phosphate base.
c. phosphorus, a five-carbon sugar, and a
nitrogen base.
d. sulfate, a five-carbon sugar, and a
phosphate base.
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24.5 Section Quiz.
2. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers
called
a. phospholipids.
b. amino acids.
c. nucleotides.
d. genes.
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24.5 Section Quiz.
3. Each word in the genetic code consists of a
sequence of three
a. deoxyribose units.
b. RNA molecules.
c. bases.
d. amino acids.
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24.5 Section Quiz.
4. Scientists were able to produce human insulin
by inserting a foreign gene into bacterial DNA.
This technique is an example of
a. DNA fingerprinting.
b. recombinant DNA technology.
c. gene mutation.
d. cloning.
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