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Transcript
Chapter 7 Metabolism: Transformations and Interactions Anabolic Processes (build up) Examples: ENERGY glucose + glucose +...... glycogen ENERGY amino acid + amino acid +...... protein Catabolic Processes (break down) Examples: ENERGY glycogen glucose + glucose +...... ENERGY protein amino acid + amino acid +...... ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) NH2 N N O N N OH Adenosine O O O P O P O P O O O OH O O 3 Phosphates Transfer of Energy Utilizing ATP How Efficient is this Process? From the food we ingest, we only capture about 50% of the energy in the bonds in the form of ATP. When we utilize the ATP to “fuel” other anabolic processes, we only utilize about 50% of the ATP’s energy. Where does the “LOST ENERGY” go? Overview of energy metabolism. Carbs Lipids Protein (amino acids) TCA Cycle Energy Production Lets Start with Carbs: Glycolysis (anaerobic) Release of Small Amount of Energy A Simplified Eukaryote Cell Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nuclear Membrane Chromosomes Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum (ribosomes) Pyruvate-to-Acetyl CoA (aerobic) Cofactor Irreversible Step The Breakdown of Acetyl CoA To Energy (aerobic) TCA Cycle Electron Transport Chain SUMMARY: Glucose-to-energy pathway Fatty Acid Oxidation Fats-toenergy pathway Transamination: Making Nonessential Amino Acid Deamination to give Keto Acids Amino Acids-to-energy pathway What happens to the NH3? Urea synthesis Urea excretion Amino Acids bloodstream Liver bloodstream Kidney Electron Transport Chain Why does Fat Produce more Energy than Glucose? Mol. Weight = 256.42 Acetyl CoA produced = 8 ATP’s produced = 129 ATP’s per gram = 0.50 Mol. Weight = 180.16 Acetyl CoA produced = 2 ATP’s produced = 38 ATP’s per gram = 0.21 During Feasting - High Dietary Intake Carbohydrates Fat Proteins Glucose Glycogen Stores Fatty Acids Body Fat Stores Amino Acids Body Proteins During Fasting - Low Dietary Intact Glycogen Stores Glucose Body Fat Stores Fatty Acids Energy for Brain, Nervous System and Blood Cells Energy for other Cells If Fasting Continues - Body Protein Still Low Dietary Intact Amino Acids Glucose Energy for Brain, Nervous System and Blood Cells Ketone Bodies Body Fat Stores Fatty Acids Energy for other Cells Ketosis: Ketone Body formation H O H O H C C CoA + H C C CoA H H 2 CoA H O H O H C C C C OH H Acetoacetate H CO2 H O H H C C C H H H Acetone Alcohol metabolism NAD+ NADH + H+ H H H C C OH H H Ethanol H O H C C H H Acetaldehyde NAD+ NADH + H+ H O H C C CoA H Acetyl CoA H O H C C OH H Acetic Acid Alternate route for Acetyl CoA Fat NADH blocks entry