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Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry Organic Compounds • Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon (with the exception of CO2 and a few others). Organic Compounds • Carbon based molecules Organic Compounds • Make up most of living organisms • Carbon can easily bond with up to 4 other elements 4 valence electrons = 4 covalent bonds Can bond to 4 H Carbon can form various bonds • Single bond (ethane) • C-C • Double bond (ethene) • C=C • Triple bond (ethyne) Organic Compounds • Carbon atoms form the “backbone” of long chains or rings • Organic molecules can be extremely large and complex; these are called macromolecules (or polymers) Ring structured Functional Groups • Various elements attach to the hydrocarbon backbone to form different types of compounds. • These reactive clusters of atoms are called functional groups. • Elements include: H, O, S, N & P Functional Groups Hydroxyl group • -OH • Found in alcohols • E.g. Ethanol • Polar Functional Groups Carboxyl group • -COOH • Found in acids • Polar E.g. Vinegar - acetic acid CH3COOH Functional Groups Amino group • -NH2 • Found in bases • E.g. Ammonia Functional Groups Sulfhydryl group • -SH • Often referred to as a thiol group • Found in Rubber - Thiols smell like garlic and are often added to natural gas to provide a detectable smell. Functional Groups Phosphate group • -PO4 • Found in ATP Functional Groups Carbonyl group • If this group is at the end, the compound is called an aldehyde • If it is found in the middle, it is called a ketone Functional Groups Carbonyl group #1 The Aldehydes • -COH • E.g. Formaldehyde Functional Groups Carbonyl group #2 The Ketones • -CO• E.g. acetone Functional Groups TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE • What functional groups are in this molecule? Test Your Knowledge… • Name the functional groups Test Your Knowledge… • Name the functional groups Amino group Carbonyl group (Ketone) Carboxyl group Sulfhydryl group Organic Compounds The 4 main types of organic macromolecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Making & Breaking Organic Compounds Anabolic Reactions Condensation Reactions (Dehydration synthesis Reaction) • The removal of a –H from the functional group of one unit and a –OH from another unit to form a water molecule (H2O). • Energy absorbed Making & Breaking Organic Compounds Catabolic Reactions Hydrolysis Reactions • A water molecule (H2O) is used to break a covalent bond holding subunits together. • A –H from is given to one unit and a –OH to the another • Energy released Enzymes • Enzymes are biological catalysts. • They speed up reactions without actually being consumed in the reaction. • They are needed for condensation & hydrolysis reactions. Enzyme Action Example: Isomers • Isomers are molecules that have the same formula, but a different physical structure. • Glucose (C6H12O6) and galactose (C6H12O6) and fructose (C6H12O6) are examples of isomers. Isomers • Because of their differing arrangement of the atoms, they have different physical and chemical properties. • E.g. Carvone is a flavour compound that. There are 2 isomers of carvone. One makes things taste like spearmint the other like caraway. End Part I Get ready for Carbohydrates! Carbohydrates • Made of C, H, & O • Main energy source for living things • Breakdown of sugars supplies immediate energy for cell activities • Plants store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates called starches Carbohydrates An important class of biomolecules Makes up highest percentage of biomass than any other biomolecules Compounds that have reactive aldehyde or ketone functional group or multiple hydroxyl groups Carbohydrate : “Carbon” + “Hydrate” (In which the ratio of C : H : O is 1 : 2 : 1) Empirical formula : (CHO)n -There are 3 major classes of Carbohydrate : -Monosaccharide, -Oligosaccharide and - polysaccharide Saccharide (means “Sugar” in Greek) Carbohydrates • Single sugar molecules are called monosaccharides Examples: glucose – in many plant and animal tissues, most common monosaccharide fructose – in many fruits galactose – component of milk Carbohydrates • Large molecules of many monosaccharide are polysaccharides • Examples: • glycogen – animals use to store excess sugar • plant starch – plants use to store excess sugar • cellulose – fibers that give plants their rigidity & strength Lipids • Store more energy than CHOs because the chains are longer • Ex: Fats, oils, waxes • Won’t dissolve in water Lipids • Important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings • Steroids are lipids that act as chemical messengers Lipids • Many lipids are made from a glycerol combined with fatty acids – If all carbons have single bonds, lipid is saturated – Ex: butter, lard, animal fat (usually solid at room temperature) – If any carbons have double or triple bonds, lipid is unsaturated – Ex: vegetable oil, fish oil, peanut oil room temperature) (usually liquid at Proteins • Contain C, H, O, plus nitrogen • Formed from amino acids joined together • More than 20 amino acids can be joined in any order or number to make countless proteins (think of how many words can be made from 26 letters!) Proteins • Chains are folded and twisted giving each protein a unique shape • Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds help maintain protein’s shape • Shape of protein is important to its function! Proteins • Provide structure – Ex: Collagen- makes up your skin, muscles & bones • Aid chemical activities in your body – Ex: Enzymes- work to speed up rxns in your body • Transport substances into or out of cells • Help fight diseases Nucleic Acids • Contain C, H, O, N plus phosphorus • Formed by bonding of individual units called nucleotides nucleotide Nucleic Acid Nucleic Acids • Store and transmit hereditary information –Ex: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) Carbohydrates are Made Of: • C : H : O or CH2O 1:2:1 EX: C6H12O6 glucosemost common monosaccharide C12H22O11 = 2 C6H12O6 − H2O What functional groups are in carbohydrates? What functional groups are in carbohydrates? Carbonyl aldehyde or ketone Hydroxyl Carbohydrates • “Sugars” • Names for Carbohydrates end in – ose • Monomers: monosaccharides Structural formula Why would you choose one model over another? Spacefilling model Abbreviated structure Monomer of Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides • Simple sugar • -main use in body: fuel • EX: glucose – most common galactose –milk sugar fructose – fruit sugar Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides-single sugars –the monomer of carbos • Disaccharides-double sugars • Polysaccharides-many sugars Carbohydrate Rings Monosaccharide • Single sugar Disaccharide • Double sugar Disaccharides Dehydration Synthesis of Carbohydrates • What is removed? From what functional group? Glycosidic Bond: covalent bond joining monosaccharides gly- or glu- are prefixes for “sweet” Disaccharide Examples • sucrose = glucose + fructose ` common table sugar • maltose = glucose + glucose – Beer sugar • lactose = glucose + galactose. – Milk sugar Polysaccharide: many sugars Polysaccharides • macromolecul es with a few to 1000 monosacchari des linked together Polysaccharides • Storage Polysaccharides: starch (from plants) and glycogen (from animals) • Structural Polysaccharides: chitin (in fungi cell walls and in exoskeleton of arthropods) and cellulose (in plant cell walls) Starch •Foods found in plants: Potatoes, wheat, corn, rice •Found in plant roots Glycogen • ANIMAL STORAGE storage form of glucose • Found in animal livers and muscle cells • Foods: meats Cellulose: plant cell walls stiff Us: good fiber Glucose polymer Chitin • Onion Cell Walls are of cellulose • Exoskeleton of insects, crabs Which is a monosaccharide? A disaccharide? A polysaccharide? • • • • • • cellulose chitin glucose glycogen sucrose starch Which is a monosaccharide? A disaccharide? A polysaccharide? • • • • • • Cellulose P Chitin P Glucose M Glycogen M Sucrose D Starch P