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Transcript
CHAPTER 2: THE MOLECULES of LIFE The Study of Interactions between Atoms and Molecules Atoms are composed of: • _______: negatively charged particles • _______: positively charged particles • _______: uncharged particles Move around the nucleus In the nucleus ______________________ Table 2.1 CHEMICAL REACTIONS The forces holding atoms in a compound are ___________. • Chemical reactions - the making or breaking of _______ between atoms. • A change in chemical energy occurs during a chemical reaction. • _____gonic reactions: _____ energy. • Exergonic reactions: ________ energy. _____________ REACTIONS • __________ - atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger molecules A Atom, ion, or molecule A + B Atom, ion, or molecule B AB New molecule AB Ex.: glucose + fructose → sucrose • _________ - synthesis of molecules in a cell. ____________ REACTIONS • __________ - when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms. Breaks down into AB New molecule AB A Atom, ion, or molecule A + B Atom, ion, or molecule B Ex.: sucrose → glucose + fructose • ______ - the decomposition reactions in a cell. Enzymes Biological _________ • _________ - chemicals that increase the _____ of chemical reactions in organisms. Different Types of COMPOUNDS • _____________ • small, ionically bonded molecules that generally lack ______________ • Important Inorganic Compounds: • Water • Acids • ___________ • large, covalently bonded molecules that always contain __________________ • Small organic molecules (monomers) combine to form large macromolecules • Important Organic Compounds: • Bases • Carbohydrates • Salts • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids Inorganic Compounds: ________ IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF __________: • ________ molecule • Uneven distribution of charge • ____________ • Substance in which a solute can dissolve to form a solution • Temperature _________ • ________ changes in temperature • Reactant • In decomposition reactions of digestion ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS - INORGANIC ACID - a substance that dissociates into one or more ____. HCl H++Cl BASE - a substance that dissociates into one or more ____. NaOH Na+ + OH- SALT - a substance that dissociates into cations and anions, _____ of which is H+ or OH. NaCl Na+ + Figure Cl 2.6 Organic Compounds: ____________ • FUNCTION • Provide _________________ • Provide structural support in plant cell walls • STRUCTURE • Molecules made of C, H + O in a 1:2:1 ratio • FORMULA : CH2O Organic Compounds: CARBOHYDRATES • Types • _____SACCHARIDES • Simple sugars • _____ carbon atoms • Ex.: Glucose • ____SACCHARIDES • Two simple sugars joined together; Ex.: sucrose • ________SACCHARIDES • Polymers made of 100s of monosaccharide subunits • Ex.: starch, glycogen, cellulose Organic Compounds: __saccharides • Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a _____________ or condensation reactions. • Disaccharides can be broken down into monosaccharides by ____________. Figure 2.8 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: ____SACCHARIDES • ________: • Made of branch chains of glucose • Energy storage in plants • Food reservoirs in seeds and bulbs • ________: • Branched glucose polymers • Storage form of energy in liver • ___________: • Glucose polymer • Cell walls of plants ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: _______ • PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS • Primary components of cell membranes. • Consist of C, H, and O. • _______ and insoluble in water. • Subunits: • __________ • __________ Phospholipid – complex lipid ____________ Large molecule containing C, H, O and N (sometimes S) FUNCTIONAL TYPES: • ___________-essential in cell structure • Flagella are made of proteins • Some bacterial toxins are proteins • _____________ - move chemicals across membranes • _________ – proteins that speed chemical reactions ______________ • Consist of subunits called ___________. Amino Group Carboxyll Group Peptide bonds between amino acids are formed by _____________________. Figure 2.14 Nucleic Acids ex. DNA, RNA, ATP Building blocks of Nucleic Acids are _____________ • _____________ consist of: • ___________ (5 carbon sugar) • __________ group • Nitrogen-containing _____(purine or pyrimidine) Figure 2.16 DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid • Contains __________ribose (sugar) • Exists as a double _______ • A hydrogen bonds with T • C hydrogen bonds with G Figure 2.16 RNA Ribonucleic acid • __________ (sugar) • __________ • A hydrogen bonds with U (U replaces T in RNA) • C hydrogen bonds with G Figure 2.17 ___________ Provides _________________ SUBUNITS: • Ribose • Adenine • 3 phosphate groups Made by ___________ synthesis. Broken down by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy for the cell. i Figure 2.18