Download The type of attraction that holds two

Name: ________________________
Biology Chapter 3 Vocabulary
1. The type of attraction that holds two water molecules together is called a _____________________. A
positive region of one water molecule is attracted to the negative region of another water molecule.
2. An attractive force between particles of the same kind is known as _________________.
3. _________________is the attractive force between unlike substances.
4. Together, adhesion and cohesion enable water molecules to move upward through narrow tubes against the
force of gravity. This property of water is known as _________________.
5. _____________________contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other carbon atoms and to other
elements as well—typically hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The chemistry of carbon is the chemistry of life.
6. In most organic compounds, clusters of atoms, called _____________________, influence the properties of
the molecules they compose. The functional group is the structural building block that determines the
characteristics of the compound.
7. An _________________is an organic compound with a hydroxyl group attached to one of its carbon atoms.
8. In many carbon compounds, the molecules are built up from smaller, simpler molecules known as
_________________.
9. – 10. A _________________consists of repeated, linked units. The units may be identical or structurally
related to each other. Large polymers are called _____________________.
11. Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction called a _____________________reaction.
12. The breakdown of some complex molecules, such as polymers, occurs through a process known as
_________________.
13. Life processes require a constant supply of energy. This energy is available to cells in the form of certain
compounds that contain a large amount of energy in their overall structure. One of these compounds is
_____________________, more commonly referred to by its abbreviation, ATP.
14. _____________________are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of
about two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom.
15. A monomer of a carbohydrate is called a _____________________. A monosaccharide—or simple sugar—
contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1. The general formula for a monosaccharide is written
as (CH2O)n.
16. Glucose, fructose, and galactose have the same molecular formula, C6H12O6, but their differing structures
determine the slightly different properties of the three compounds. Compounds like these sugars, with a single
chemical formula but different forms, are called _________________.
17. In living things, two monosaccharides can combine in a condensation reaction to form a double sugar, or
_____________________. Sucrose, which is common table sugar, is composed of fructose and glucose.
18. A _____________________is a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides.
19. _________________are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
20. The 20 different _____________________, the monomer building blocks of proteins, share a basic
structure.
21. Two amino acids bond to form a _____________________.
22. In a condensation reaction, two amino acids form a covalent bond, called a _____________________.
23. Amino acids can bond to each other one at a time, forming a very long chain called a
_____________________.
24. _________________—organic molecules that act as catalysts—are essential for the functioning of any cell.
Most enzymes are proteins.
25. Enzyme reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme molecule and its _________________, the
reactant being catalyzed.
26. _________________are large, nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water.
27. _____________________are unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids.
28. – 29. Because of this attraction, the carboxyl end of the fatty-acid molecule is said to be
_____________________, which means “water loving.” In contrast, the hydrocarbon end of the fatty-acid
molecule is nonpolar. This end tends not to interact with water molecules and is said to be
_____________________, or “water fearing.”
30. A _____________________is composed of three molecules of fatty acid joined to one molecule of the
alcohol glycerol.
31. _____________________have two, rather than three, fatty acids joined by a molecule of glycerol.
32. A _________________is a type of structural lipid. A wax molecule consists of a long fatty-acid chain
joined to a long alcohol chain. Waxes are highly waterproof, and in plants, wax forms a protective coating on
the outer surfaces.
33. _________________molecules are composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups
attached to them.
34. _____________________are very large and complex organic molecules that store important information in
the cell.
35. _____________________acid, or DNA, contains information that is essential for almost all cell activities,
including cell division.
36. _____________________acid, or RNA, stores and transfers information that is essential for the
manufacturing of proteins.
37. Both DNA and RNA are polymers, composed of thousands of linked monomers called
_________________.