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The Chemistry of Life What are living creatures made of? Regents Biology Day 1 Chapter 2 Atoms, Compounds and Molecules Atom - Smallest and basic unit of matter. 3 subatomic particles: Neutron, proton and electron Compound – 2 or more different elements chemically combined. Ex: salt, water, carbon dioxide Molecule – smallest unit of a compound AP Biology Ex: 2H2O = 2 molecules of water Elements of Life 96% of living organisms are made of: carbon (C) hydrogen (H) oxygen (O) nitrogen (N) CHON! Regents Biology Molecules of Life Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms What are bodies made of? carbohydrates sugars & starches proteins fats (lipids) nucleic acids DNA, RNA Regents Biology What macromolecules are used in biology? Think of the nutrients you eat! AP Biology Carbohydrates Atoms present – C, H, and O Function: Major energy source by cells Structural uses – cellulose, cell receptors Monosaccharides (monomers) – single sugar units. ex: glucose, galactose, fructose Disaccharides (polymers) – double sugar units ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose Polysaccharides (polymers)– more than 2 sugar units. ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose AP Biology Carbohydrates AP Biology Lipids Fats, oils, triglycerides, waxes, and steroids Molecules made of C, H and O. Lipid units: 1 Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids Hydrophobic and non-polar Functions: Insulation, membrane structures, hormones, padding and waterproof coverings. Saturated – no double bonds, solid animal fats Unsaturated – one double bond, oils (from plants) *no monomer units here! They do not repeat AP Biology AP Biology Proteins Polymers containing: N, C, H and O. Amino acids = monomers A Peptide bond holds 2 amino acids together. Functions: Control the rate of reaction, regulate cell processes, form bones, muscles, fibers, hair/nails, transport substances to fight disease. AP Biology AP Biology Nucleic Acids Polymers – containing H, O, N, C, and P Nucleotides (monomers) --- sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base Function: Stores and transmits hereditary information Types: DNA and RNA AP Biology AP Biology You Are What You Eat! Macromolecules AP Biology Day 2 How do we make molecules? We build them! Regents Biology 2006-2007 Building large organic molecules Small molecules = monomers Bond them together = polymers Regents Biology Building important polymers Carbohydrates = built from sugars sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Proteins = built from amino acids amino amino amino amino amino amino acid – acid – acid – acid – acid – acid Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide Regents Biology How to build large molecules Dehydration Synthesis Taking water out to put the monomers together building cells & bodies Regents Biology Example of dehydration synthesis amino acids protein Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids Regents Biology amino acids = building block protein = polymer How to take large molecules apart Hydrolysis taking big molecules apart using water getting raw materials for synthesis & growth Regents Biology Example of hydrolysis starch glucose Starch is digested to glucose Regents Biology Day 3 Enzymes Special proteins that make our processes run faster…. AP Biology Chemical Reactions The changing of one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals Reactants start the reaction. Products are produced by the reactants. Ex: CO2 + H2O H2CO3 Reactants (before arrow) Products (after arrow) Activation energy: amount of energy needed to get a reaction started AP Biology AP Biology Enzymes (biological catalysts) A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the required activation energy to run the reaction. Enzymes are very specific for certain chemical reactions. ex: lactase works only on lactose! Enzymes are never used up, can be reused. To Denature an enzyme/protein = To Destroy it AP Biology Enzymes (biological catalysts) Enzyme Names 1. End in “–ase” 2. Ex: sucrase, lactase Enzyme Action 1. Enzymes provide a site where substrates (reactants) can react using less energy by lowering the activation energy Enzymes & Substrates = Lock & Key AP Biology Effects of Enzymes Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Reactants Reaction pathway with enzyme Products AP Biology How Do Enzymes Work? Substrates = The reactants the enzyme works on. Active sites = place on enzyme where reactants bind. AP Biology Enzyme Regulation Enzyme activity can be altered by changing working conditions. Ex: pH and temperature Cells can make other proteins to turn “on or off” an enzyme. AP Biology