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Transcript
12.4 Mutations Think About It! Complete the 2 tables on the first page of your handout. Try this without using your notes first and only refer to your notes on transcription and translation if you are struggling. From your tables and both translated sequences, what do you think a mutation is? What is a mutation? And what can a mutation do? A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene. Mutations in a gene's DNA sequence can alter the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the gene. Mutation Types Point mutations : single nucleotide base changes in a gene's DNA sequence. This type of mutation can change the gene's protein product in the following ways: 3 Types of Point Mutations 1. Missense mutations 2. Nonsense mutations 3. Silent mutations Ex’s: Cystic Fibrosis Neurofibromatosis Sickle Cell Anemia Tay-Sachs Color Blindness Missense Mutation Result in a single amino acid change within the protein. Nonsense Mutation -Create a premature “stop signal" (or "stop" codon), causing the protein to be shortened. Silent Mutation Do not cause amino acid changes within the protein. Frameshift Mutations Change the grouping of nucleotide bases into codons. This results in a shift of "reading frame" during protein translation. Insertion Mutation Add a DNA Base Deletion Mutation Remove a DNA Base But… mutations can also be beneficial • Lactose Tolerance • Antibiotic Resistance • HIV Immunity • Malarial Resistance from Sickle Cell Anemia Or they could be induced • Mutagens • Carcinogens • Radiation • UV light • Environmental • Heavy metals • Chemical exposure (VOC’s) • Bacteria and Viruses Skin Cancer Skin cancer occurs when errors (mutations) form the in the DNA of healthy skin cells. The mutations cause the cells to grow out of control and form a mass of cancer cells The World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that it has moved UV tanning beds to its highest cancer risk category -"carcinogenic to humans." The use of tanning beds before age 30 is associated with a 75% increase in melanoma risk. Lung Cancer Smoking causes 87% of all lung cancer cases. Smokers have approximately one chance in 10 of developing lung cancer over his/her lifetime. Videos Sickle Cell: http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/17-sickle-cell.html Mutating virus: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/nationalgeographic-channel/shows/naked-science/ngc-deadly-mutation/ Radiation leading to mutations and cancer: http://www.dnai.org/lesson/go/1738/1419 Addition and deletion mutations: http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0/chapter11/animation_quiz_4.html