Download Examples - Cloudfront.net

Properties of Water
• Watch this video:
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animat
ions/content/propertiesofwater/water.html
– Write down at least 5 things you learned while
watching! (Use complete sentences please.)
Properties of Water
• Cohesive Properties
– Cohesion- Water molecules tend to _____
stick together
Hydrogen bonding
because of ________________.
• Caused by an unequal charge distribution due to
the difference in ______________
electronegativity between H
and O atoms.
• Adhesive Properties
other
Water molecules stick to _____
– Adhesion- ______
molecules due to hydrogen bonding. This allows for
movement of water along surfaces.
_________
Water to water
Water to non-water
• Thermal Properties- Absorbs heat when ___
hot and
releases heat when _____.
cold
energy
– High specific heat capacity. Requires more ______
in order to raise the temperature.
• Therefore, temperature remains _______
stable comparatively
to air or land.
– Water is most ______
dense at 4 °C.
• Allows ice to ______
float
• Allows aquatic organisms to live below the ice
– Broad range of temperatures from 0°C to 100°C.
vaporize lots of heat is required which makes water
• To _________,
coolant
a good evaporative ________.
– Example: Water in a lake during a hot summer day.
• (Draw body of water with land)
– Why useful?
• When water evaporates, large amounts of
heat
___________
are used to break the bonds which
results in a large ___________
effect.
cooling
– Ex. Sweating (water acts as a coolant)
• Solvent properties
chemical
– Water is the universal solvent- most ________
reactions in organisms occur with water.
• Ex. In plants, blood and sap that flow through the
vascular system are water based.
polar nature, water forms shells around
– Due to its _____
charged and polar molecules which prevents them
solution
from clumping, keeping them in ___________
• Ex. NaCl in water
– Why useful?
Dissolved
• ___________
substances in water can from a
mixture where chemical reactions can occur. Ex.
Metabolism in ___________.
cytoplasm
• Acid and bases
– H2O  H+ + OH– Bronsted-Lowry Acid- substance that can act as a
proton (H+) __________
donor
– Bronsted-Lowry Base- substance that can act as a
acceptor
proton (H+) __________
• pH Scale
< 7
– Acid: __
> 7
– Base: __
– Each pH unit represents a ______
tenfold difference in H+
and OH- concentrations
10-14= [H+][OH-]
100 times as acidic as a pH 4
– pH 2 solution is ____
solution.
• Buffers
minimizes
– Definition: a buffer is a substance that __________
changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a
solution.
– Ex. Human blood pH stays very close to 7.4 due to
buffers. pH <7 or pH >7.8 may result in death.
– How does a buffer work?
accepts
• A buffer __________
hydrogen ions from solution
donates
when H+ is in excess and __________
H+ ions
when they have been depleted.
– Ex. H2CO3
– buffer link 1
Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular
Diversity of Life
–
Carbon has a total of 6 ELECTRONS
__________ with 2
in the first shell and 4 in the second
(valence) shell.
VALENCE shell, it
In order to complete its __________
would have to donate or accept 4 electrons
–
•
•
SHARES its 4
Instead, carbon usually __________
electrons with other atoms in covalent bonds to
complete its valence shell
Ex. CH4
https://vinstan.wikispaces.com/file/view/this_1.JPG/45032109/this_1.JPG
http://www.green-planet-solar-energy.com/images/carbon-hydrogen-e-dots.gif
Types of Carbon Molecules
•
Hydrocarbons
ORGANIC molecules consisting only of carbon and
– __________
hydrogen.
– Hydrocarbons are the major components of
PETROLEUM (fossil fuels).
_____________
– Example: Fat molecule p. 61 Fig. 4.6
• Contains a small non-hydrocarbon component
joined to three hydrocarbon tails.
TAIL can be broken down to provide energy.
• ______
– Example: __________
GASOLINE - composed of hydrocarbons
http://www.chemistryland.com/ElementarySchool/BuildingBlocks/hydrocarbonsMore.jpg
Isomers
– VARIATION
__________ in the structure of organic molecules
can be seen in isomer.
Different structures= different PROPERTIES
____________.
– Types:
• STRUCTURAL
______________ isomers: differ in the covalent
arrangements of their atoms.
• GEOMETRIC
___________ isomers- same covalent
partnerships but differ in spatial arrangements
due to double bonds.
– Cis-trans isomers i.e. C2H2Cl2
• _______________molecules that are
ENANTIOMERS
mirror images of each other
–contains a middle carbon attached to
DIFFERENT atoms or groups of
four __________
atoms.
–Atoms can be arranged in two different
ways that are MIRROR
__________ images: Left
handed, right handed versions.
–One is usually active and the other is
INACTIVE
___________.
STRUCTURAL
http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/350/exams/3513/351f98/351mt98sd.gif
GEOMETRIC
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/3%2C4-Dihydroxy-Lhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/D-DOPA.png/200px-D-DOPA.png
phenylalanin_%28Levodopa%29.svg/200px-3%2C4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanin_%28Levodopa%29.svg.png
D-DOPA
(INACTIVE)
ENANTIOMERS
L-DOPA
Organic Compouds
–
What does it mean to be organic?
• Organic compounds- any molecule which
CARBON
contains ___________.
Exceptions: hydrogen
_____________
CARBONATES and the oxides of carbon
• The word “organic” meant “___________”
and
LIVING
still is used in that way although many inorganic
substances are important to life and some
organic substances such as ___________and
PLASTIC
petrol are not found in living things.
http://i.istockimg.com/file_thumbview_approve/13566282/2/stock-illustration-13566282-cartoon-train-cars.jpg
http://www.cmu.edu/maty/images/8a-route-1.jpg
– Macromolecules
POLYMER
• ___________long molecule made up of many
similar or identical building blocks linked by
TRAIN with many cars).
covalent bonds (think: _______
–___________:
MONOMERS small molecules that are the
building blocks of polymers
• Reactions- p. 69 Fig 5.2
–Condensation Reaction
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
(________________________)
–___________
HYDROLYSIS Reaction
Carbohydrates
–
–
Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers of
sugars.
CARBON
Carbohydrates contain ___________,
hydrogen,
1C:2H:1O (CH2O)
and oxygen with a ratio of ________________.
– Types of carbohydrates
• ___________________MONOSACCHARIDES monomers or sub-units
of carbohydrates.
–Important in cellular RESPIRATION
_____________ and
synthesis of materials
FRUCTOSE and
–Examples: Ribose, ___________,
glucose, and ______________.
GALACTOSE
Structures:
Glucose:
Ribose:
http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C10/C10Links/www.chem.wsu.edu/chem102/102-GlucStr.html
DISACCHARIDE
• ________________carbohydrates formed from two
LINKAGE
monosaccharides joined by a glycosodic __________.
GLUCOSE molecules.
– Examples: Maltose is 2 __________
Sucrose is one __________
and one _________.
GLUCOSE
FRUCTOSE
GLUCOSE
Lactose is one __________
and one GALACTOSE
__________.
POLYSACCHARIDES
• _________________-carbohydrates
formed from
many monosaccharides.
STARCH
Examples: ___________,
glycogen, cellulose
PLANTS
PLANTS
ANIMALS
State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals,
and of fructose, sucrose and cellulose in plants.
Lipids
–
Lipids are grouped together
because they are HYDROPHOBIC
_____________.
– Category of molecules that
includes steroids, waxes, fatty
acids, and OILS
_____ (fats if solid at room temp, oil if liquid)
– Functions of Lipids
THERMAL
• can serve as ___________insulation
• Can serve as a source of ___________
ENERGY storage.
• Can provide ___________
BUOYANCY
BLUBBER
– ex. ___________in
arctic marine animals.
– How to make a triglyceride (fat)
• Three fatty acids combine with one molecule of
GLYCEROL
___________creating
a triglyceride and releasing three
DEHYDRATION reaction) p. 75
molecules of water. (______________
Fig. 5.11
Lipids
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
–
Saturated Fats
• No double bonds which allows the greatest
number of _____________
HYDROGENS to be attached to
the carbon skeleton
• Includes most animal fats
• Solid at room temp
http://www.nature.com/horizon/livingfrontier/background/images/fat_f2.jpg
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/cistrans.jpg
– Unsaturated Fats
DOUBLE
• Has 1 or more ___________
bonds and thus
fewer hydrogen atoms
• A kink in the chain will occur whenever a cis
double bond occurs (as opposed to trans double
bonds –
– ie TRANS
______ fats found in hydrogenated veg. oil)
• Includes plant and fish oils
• Liquid at room temp
– Nutrition!
Phospholipids
–
–
•
MEMBRANE
essential for cell ___________composition
2
Similar to fat molecule, but only have ____
fatty acids
attached to glycerol
– The 3rd hydroxyl group is attached to a phosphate group
(these can in turn bond to other molecules)
NONPOLAR
– Hydrocarbon tail is ___________
(inside the bilayer),
POLAR
phosphate group is ___________
(face outward)
STEROIDS
______________–
carbon skeleton composed of 4 fused
rings with different chemical groups attached
– Includes many HORMONES
___________ and cholesterol
FAT
– _____
can affect cholesterol levels
http://liquidbio.pbworks.com/f/phopholipid%20bilayer.jpg
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/lipid/P-lipid.gif
– How do lipids and carbohydrates compare?
• Similarities: both used for energy storage
• Differences:
– Lipids
LONG TERM
» are used for ______________
energy storage.
TWICE
» have ___________as
much energy per gram.
INSOLUBLE in water
» ___________
– Carbohydrates
FIRST
» are used as energy sources ___________.
EASIER
» are more soluble and ___________to
transport
» have a stronger impact on osmotic PRESSURE
___________.
Amino Acids and Proteins (20 AAs)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Amino acid formula:
AMINO ACID
R group is what determines the ___________.
PEPTIDE
___________
bond- is the covalent bond that occurs
between two amino acids (between the carboxyl group of one
AA and the amino group of another)
Condensation- joins amino acids
Hydrolysis- separates amino acids.
Ex.
Amino acids (___________)
MONOMERS can combine to make
polypeptides (polymers) called ___________.
PROTEINS
– The peptide bond occurs between the carboxyl group of
one amino acid to the amino group of another.
20 total amino acids can combine to create many
– ____
different proteins
•
More Protein FUN !
Two Categories of Protein
___________:
SHAPES
– ___________FIBROUS
• have elongated
shapes
• usually ___________
COLLAGEN
in water
• Physically tough
• Examples:
– __________
INSOLUBLE in
skin
– __________
in hair
KERATIN
and fingernails
http://www.biog1105-1106.org/demos/105/unit1/media/collagen.jpg
http://www.nd.edu/~aseriann/fibglob.gif
GLOBULAR
– ___________• Compact and
ROUNDED
___________
• Usually watersoluble (contain
polar amino acids
on the outer
surface)
• Examples:
–Enzymes
–Other functional
proteins such as
antibodies
Protein Structure
•
Primary and secondary structure
– ___________
structure- the ___________
PRIMARY
SEQUENCE of amino acids
in a polypeptide
– SECONDARY
____________ structure- coils and folds within the
HYDROGEN bonds between
polypeptide due to ___________
repeating constituents
• Examples:
• ALPHA
___________ -helix- a coil held together by hydrogen
bonds at every 4th amino acid
• ___________
BETA
-pleated sheet– folding creating pleats at
particular intervals
• ___________
TERTIARY Structure- refers to the overall
3-DIMENSIONAL shape of the protein due to
_______________
interactions between R-groups interaction with each
other and the surrounding water.
– Types of interactions (BETWEEN R GROUPS)
• Positively charge R groups with negatively charged
R-groups
• Hydrophobic amino acids move toward the center
to avoid water contact and opposite with
hydrophilic amino acids.
• polar R-groups form H-bonds with other polar Rgroups
• R-group of the amino acid cysteine can form a
covalent bond with R-group of another cysteine
and form a disulfide bridge
Quaternary Structure
–
The overall protein structure that results from the
AGGREGATION of polypeptide subunits.
_____________
Examples:
–
•
•
•
globular transthyretin protein is made up of its four
polypeptides.
Collagen is a fibrous protein that has helical subunits
intertwined into a larger triple helix.
Significance: may involve the binding of a prosthetic
group to form a conjugated protein.
http://gassama.myweb.uga.edu/hemoglobinmolecule.gif
http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/images/hemoglobin.jpg
Changes in Protein Structure
•
•
•
PROTEIN
Changes in ___________
structure lead to changes in
further structures, potentially leads to a misfunctioning
or nonfunctioning protein
– Example: Sickle Cell Anemia
Protein shape and function can also be changed via
DENATURATION
________________
– pH, temperature, salt concentration, etc.
Chaperonins or chaperone structure are specialized
proteins that assist in the proper folding of proteins (p.
85 Fig. 5.23)
– Are not specific, but keep the protein away from
potentially bad influences
– Folding is spontaneous
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire8e/content/cat_010/f03012.jpg
http://www.bodybuilders.gr/data/main/forum/mainuploadsfolder/GRF/201012710056_c8.5x23.denaturation.jpg
Nucleic Acids
•
•
Main function is to store and transmit
GENETIC
___________ information
2 kinds:
–
–
–
RNA and
Ribonucleic acid (_____)
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (_____)
These are both polymers/macromolecules
The monomers of DNA and RNA are
____________.
NUCLEOTIDES
http://dna02.wikispaces.com/Structure+of+DNA+nucleotides
• Three Components of nucleic acids
NITROGENOUS
– ____________________
base
• Two groups of nitrogenous bases
– Pyrimidines: single 6-C ring
– Cytosine, thymine, uracil
– Purines: double fused rings (1 5-C, 1 6-C)
– Adenine, guanine
CARBON sugar
– a 5-___________
• Two kinds of sugars
– ___________
- RNA
RIBOSE
– DEOXYRIBOSE
_______________ - DNA
PHOSPHATE
– ______________
group
• Nucleosides are the components above minus the
phosphate group