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Transcript
Properties of Water • Watch this video: http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animat ions/content/propertiesofwater/water.html – Write down at least 5 things you learned while watching! (Use complete sentences please.) Properties of Water • Cohesive Properties – Cohesion- Water molecules tend to _____ stick together Hydrogen bonding because of ________________. • Caused by an unequal charge distribution due to the difference in ______________ electronegativity between H and O atoms. • Adhesive Properties other Water molecules stick to _____ – Adhesion- ______ molecules due to hydrogen bonding. This allows for movement of water along surfaces. _________ Water to water Water to non-water • Thermal Properties- Absorbs heat when ___ hot and releases heat when _____. cold energy – High specific heat capacity. Requires more ______ in order to raise the temperature. • Therefore, temperature remains _______ stable comparatively to air or land. – Water is most ______ dense at 4 °C. • Allows ice to ______ float • Allows aquatic organisms to live below the ice – Broad range of temperatures from 0°C to 100°C. vaporize lots of heat is required which makes water • To _________, coolant a good evaporative ________. – Example: Water in a lake during a hot summer day. • (Draw body of water with land) – Why useful? • When water evaporates, large amounts of heat ___________ are used to break the bonds which results in a large ___________ effect. cooling – Ex. Sweating (water acts as a coolant) • Solvent properties chemical – Water is the universal solvent- most ________ reactions in organisms occur with water. • Ex. In plants, blood and sap that flow through the vascular system are water based. polar nature, water forms shells around – Due to its _____ charged and polar molecules which prevents them solution from clumping, keeping them in ___________ • Ex. NaCl in water – Why useful? Dissolved • ___________ substances in water can from a mixture where chemical reactions can occur. Ex. Metabolism in ___________. cytoplasm • Acid and bases – H2O H+ + OH– Bronsted-Lowry Acid- substance that can act as a proton (H+) __________ donor – Bronsted-Lowry Base- substance that can act as a acceptor proton (H+) __________ • pH Scale < 7 – Acid: __ > 7 – Base: __ – Each pH unit represents a ______ tenfold difference in H+ and OH- concentrations 10-14= [H+][OH-] 100 times as acidic as a pH 4 – pH 2 solution is ____ solution. • Buffers minimizes – Definition: a buffer is a substance that __________ changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution. – Ex. Human blood pH stays very close to 7.4 due to buffers. pH <7 or pH >7.8 may result in death. – How does a buffer work? accepts • A buffer __________ hydrogen ions from solution donates when H+ is in excess and __________ H+ ions when they have been depleted. – Ex. H2CO3 – buffer link 1 Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life – Carbon has a total of 6 ELECTRONS __________ with 2 in the first shell and 4 in the second (valence) shell. VALENCE shell, it In order to complete its __________ would have to donate or accept 4 electrons – • • SHARES its 4 Instead, carbon usually __________ electrons with other atoms in covalent bonds to complete its valence shell Ex. CH4 https://vinstan.wikispaces.com/file/view/this_1.JPG/45032109/this_1.JPG http://www.green-planet-solar-energy.com/images/carbon-hydrogen-e-dots.gif Types of Carbon Molecules • Hydrocarbons ORGANIC molecules consisting only of carbon and – __________ hydrogen. – Hydrocarbons are the major components of PETROLEUM (fossil fuels). _____________ – Example: Fat molecule p. 61 Fig. 4.6 • Contains a small non-hydrocarbon component joined to three hydrocarbon tails. TAIL can be broken down to provide energy. • ______ – Example: __________ GASOLINE - composed of hydrocarbons http://www.chemistryland.com/ElementarySchool/BuildingBlocks/hydrocarbonsMore.jpg Isomers – VARIATION __________ in the structure of organic molecules can be seen in isomer. Different structures= different PROPERTIES ____________. – Types: • STRUCTURAL ______________ isomers: differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms. • GEOMETRIC ___________ isomers- same covalent partnerships but differ in spatial arrangements due to double bonds. – Cis-trans isomers i.e. C2H2Cl2 • _______________molecules that are ENANTIOMERS mirror images of each other –contains a middle carbon attached to DIFFERENT atoms or groups of four __________ atoms. –Atoms can be arranged in two different ways that are MIRROR __________ images: Left handed, right handed versions. –One is usually active and the other is INACTIVE ___________. STRUCTURAL http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/350/exams/3513/351f98/351mt98sd.gif GEOMETRIC http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/3%2C4-Dihydroxy-Lhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/D-DOPA.png/200px-D-DOPA.png phenylalanin_%28Levodopa%29.svg/200px-3%2C4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanin_%28Levodopa%29.svg.png D-DOPA (INACTIVE) ENANTIOMERS L-DOPA Organic Compouds – What does it mean to be organic? • Organic compounds- any molecule which CARBON contains ___________. Exceptions: hydrogen _____________ CARBONATES and the oxides of carbon • The word “organic” meant “___________” and LIVING still is used in that way although many inorganic substances are important to life and some organic substances such as ___________and PLASTIC petrol are not found in living things. http://i.istockimg.com/file_thumbview_approve/13566282/2/stock-illustration-13566282-cartoon-train-cars.jpg http://www.cmu.edu/maty/images/8a-route-1.jpg – Macromolecules POLYMER • ___________long molecule made up of many similar or identical building blocks linked by TRAIN with many cars). covalent bonds (think: _______ –___________: MONOMERS small molecules that are the building blocks of polymers • Reactions- p. 69 Fig 5.2 –Condensation Reaction DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS (________________________) –___________ HYDROLYSIS Reaction Carbohydrates – – Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers of sugars. CARBON Carbohydrates contain ___________, hydrogen, 1C:2H:1O (CH2O) and oxygen with a ratio of ________________. – Types of carbohydrates • ___________________MONOSACCHARIDES monomers or sub-units of carbohydrates. –Important in cellular RESPIRATION _____________ and synthesis of materials FRUCTOSE and –Examples: Ribose, ___________, glucose, and ______________. GALACTOSE Structures: Glucose: Ribose: http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C10/C10Links/www.chem.wsu.edu/chem102/102-GlucStr.html DISACCHARIDE • ________________carbohydrates formed from two LINKAGE monosaccharides joined by a glycosodic __________. GLUCOSE molecules. – Examples: Maltose is 2 __________ Sucrose is one __________ and one _________. GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE GLUCOSE Lactose is one __________ and one GALACTOSE __________. POLYSACCHARIDES • _________________-carbohydrates formed from many monosaccharides. STARCH Examples: ___________, glycogen, cellulose PLANTS PLANTS ANIMALS State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose and cellulose in plants. Lipids – Lipids are grouped together because they are HYDROPHOBIC _____________. – Category of molecules that includes steroids, waxes, fatty acids, and OILS _____ (fats if solid at room temp, oil if liquid) – Functions of Lipids THERMAL • can serve as ___________insulation • Can serve as a source of ___________ ENERGY storage. • Can provide ___________ BUOYANCY BLUBBER – ex. ___________in arctic marine animals. – How to make a triglyceride (fat) • Three fatty acids combine with one molecule of GLYCEROL ___________creating a triglyceride and releasing three DEHYDRATION reaction) p. 75 molecules of water. (______________ Fig. 5.11 Lipids Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats – Saturated Fats • No double bonds which allows the greatest number of _____________ HYDROGENS to be attached to the carbon skeleton • Includes most animal fats • Solid at room temp http://www.nature.com/horizon/livingfrontier/background/images/fat_f2.jpg http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/cistrans.jpg – Unsaturated Fats DOUBLE • Has 1 or more ___________ bonds and thus fewer hydrogen atoms • A kink in the chain will occur whenever a cis double bond occurs (as opposed to trans double bonds – – ie TRANS ______ fats found in hydrogenated veg. oil) • Includes plant and fish oils • Liquid at room temp – Nutrition! Phospholipids – – • MEMBRANE essential for cell ___________composition 2 Similar to fat molecule, but only have ____ fatty acids attached to glycerol – The 3rd hydroxyl group is attached to a phosphate group (these can in turn bond to other molecules) NONPOLAR – Hydrocarbon tail is ___________ (inside the bilayer), POLAR phosphate group is ___________ (face outward) STEROIDS ______________– carbon skeleton composed of 4 fused rings with different chemical groups attached – Includes many HORMONES ___________ and cholesterol FAT – _____ can affect cholesterol levels http://liquidbio.pbworks.com/f/phopholipid%20bilayer.jpg http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/lipid/P-lipid.gif – How do lipids and carbohydrates compare? • Similarities: both used for energy storage • Differences: – Lipids LONG TERM » are used for ______________ energy storage. TWICE » have ___________as much energy per gram. INSOLUBLE in water » ___________ – Carbohydrates FIRST » are used as energy sources ___________. EASIER » are more soluble and ___________to transport » have a stronger impact on osmotic PRESSURE ___________. Amino Acids and Proteins (20 AAs) • • • • • • Amino acid formula: AMINO ACID R group is what determines the ___________. PEPTIDE ___________ bond- is the covalent bond that occurs between two amino acids (between the carboxyl group of one AA and the amino group of another) Condensation- joins amino acids Hydrolysis- separates amino acids. Ex. Amino acids (___________) MONOMERS can combine to make polypeptides (polymers) called ___________. PROTEINS – The peptide bond occurs between the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another. 20 total amino acids can combine to create many – ____ different proteins • More Protein FUN ! Two Categories of Protein ___________: SHAPES – ___________FIBROUS • have elongated shapes • usually ___________ COLLAGEN in water • Physically tough • Examples: – __________ INSOLUBLE in skin – __________ in hair KERATIN and fingernails http://www.biog1105-1106.org/demos/105/unit1/media/collagen.jpg http://www.nd.edu/~aseriann/fibglob.gif GLOBULAR – ___________• Compact and ROUNDED ___________ • Usually watersoluble (contain polar amino acids on the outer surface) • Examples: –Enzymes –Other functional proteins such as antibodies Protein Structure • Primary and secondary structure – ___________ structure- the ___________ PRIMARY SEQUENCE of amino acids in a polypeptide – SECONDARY ____________ structure- coils and folds within the HYDROGEN bonds between polypeptide due to ___________ repeating constituents • Examples: • ALPHA ___________ -helix- a coil held together by hydrogen bonds at every 4th amino acid • ___________ BETA -pleated sheet– folding creating pleats at particular intervals • ___________ TERTIARY Structure- refers to the overall 3-DIMENSIONAL shape of the protein due to _______________ interactions between R-groups interaction with each other and the surrounding water. – Types of interactions (BETWEEN R GROUPS) • Positively charge R groups with negatively charged R-groups • Hydrophobic amino acids move toward the center to avoid water contact and opposite with hydrophilic amino acids. • polar R-groups form H-bonds with other polar Rgroups • R-group of the amino acid cysteine can form a covalent bond with R-group of another cysteine and form a disulfide bridge Quaternary Structure – The overall protein structure that results from the AGGREGATION of polypeptide subunits. _____________ Examples: – • • • globular transthyretin protein is made up of its four polypeptides. Collagen is a fibrous protein that has helical subunits intertwined into a larger triple helix. Significance: may involve the binding of a prosthetic group to form a conjugated protein. http://gassama.myweb.uga.edu/hemoglobinmolecule.gif http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/images/hemoglobin.jpg Changes in Protein Structure • • • PROTEIN Changes in ___________ structure lead to changes in further structures, potentially leads to a misfunctioning or nonfunctioning protein – Example: Sickle Cell Anemia Protein shape and function can also be changed via DENATURATION ________________ – pH, temperature, salt concentration, etc. Chaperonins or chaperone structure are specialized proteins that assist in the proper folding of proteins (p. 85 Fig. 5.23) – Are not specific, but keep the protein away from potentially bad influences – Folding is spontaneous http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire8e/content/cat_010/f03012.jpg http://www.bodybuilders.gr/data/main/forum/mainuploadsfolder/GRF/201012710056_c8.5x23.denaturation.jpg Nucleic Acids • • Main function is to store and transmit GENETIC ___________ information 2 kinds: – – – RNA and Ribonucleic acid (_____) DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (_____) These are both polymers/macromolecules The monomers of DNA and RNA are ____________. NUCLEOTIDES http://dna02.wikispaces.com/Structure+of+DNA+nucleotides • Three Components of nucleic acids NITROGENOUS – ____________________ base • Two groups of nitrogenous bases – Pyrimidines: single 6-C ring – Cytosine, thymine, uracil – Purines: double fused rings (1 5-C, 1 6-C) – Adenine, guanine CARBON sugar – a 5-___________ • Two kinds of sugars – ___________ - RNA RIBOSE – DEOXYRIBOSE _______________ - DNA PHOSPHATE – ______________ group • Nucleosides are the components above minus the phosphate group