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Malnutrition Defined Text extracted from The World Food Problem Leathers & Foster, 2004 http://www.lastfirst.net/images/product/R004548.jpg Malnutrition • Overnutrition • Undernutrition – Secondary Malnutrition – Micronutrient Malnutrition – Protein Energy Malnutrition • Most important Protein Energy Malnutrition Undernutrition http://www.answers.com/topic/percentage-population-undernourished-world-map-png-1 Secondary Malnutrition • Diet normal • Food not digested or absorbed – Diarrhea – Parasites Tapeworm Micronutrient Malnutrition • Deficiency in: – – – – – – – – Rickets (Vitamin D deficiency) Vitamin A Iodine Iron Zinc Calcium Vitamin D B Vitamins Vitamin C Vitamin A Deficiency • 500,000 children become blind each year – xerophthalmia • Half of these will die within a year of becoming blind • Rice diet lacking green vegetables – Vitamin supplements help: cost $3/year – Golden Rice could help Iodine Deficiency • Iodine deficiency – affects 740 million people worldwide – single greatest cause of preventable brain damage in babies – Goiter – Stillbirth – Miscarriages – Mental Retardation • Prevented by iodized salt • Best sources of natural iodine – Sea weed – Sea food Goiter (thyroid enlargement) Iron Deficiency Anemia • Affects 2 billion people, • 90% live in developing countries – 39% of preschool children – 52% of pregnant women • Reduced – physical activity – mental activity • Increased – – – – birth mortality Worms Malaria HIV • High iron rice could help Iron, Vitamin A & Iodine Deficiency http://www.css.cornell.edu/FoodSystems/Micros&AgriMan1ref.htg/img4.gif Other Deficiencies • Zinc – Growth retardation – delayed sexual maturation – skin and eye lesions – 48% of world at risk for zinc deficiency • Calcium – Osteoporosis: bone loss • Vitamin D – Rickets: bone malformation Other Deficiencies • Vitamin C – Causes Scurvy: problem in refugee camps • Niacin – Causes Pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia – Due to diet high in maize (low in tryptophan) • Thiamin – Causes Beriberi – Due to diet high in polished rice • Folate – Birth defects: Anancephaly and Spina Bifida Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) • Underconsumption of calories or protein • Most important form of malnutrition • Associated with poverty – Not enough food – Poor quality food • Kwashiorkor – Extreme protein deficiency Kwashiorkor • Marasmus – Extreme calorie deficiency Kwashiorkor • Protein deficiency often associated with weaning onto thin cereal gruels. – Cassava – Plantains • Bloating of the stomach due to edema – Fluid leaking into body – Wasted muscles • Antibodies degraded to provide protein to body – Infection – Dysentery – Death Marasmus • Calorie deficiency – Lack of food – Poorest populations – Neglected • Infants • children • Protein used for energy • Results in wasting – Deterioration of tissues • Brain development impaired Balanced Protein • Protein are made of amino acids • Essential amino acids – Body cannot make – Required in diet • Animal proteins have perfect balance of amino acids – Meat – Milk – Eggs Complementing Proteins • Plant proteins are deficient in different essential amino acids • Cereals – Low in lysine • Beans – Low in methionine • Must eat both cereal and beans together to get balanced amino acids – Complementing proteins Rice and Beans Calorie Deficiency • Most widespread problem among poor • Cannot get enough calories (energy) in diet – Most get enough protein • Calorie requirements vary – – – – Age Sex Pregnancy Lactation Nutritional Needs • RDA – Recommended Daily Allowance – Level of nutrients adequate for 97-98% of the group – Good target for individuals • EAR – Estimated Average Requirement http://www.fda.gov/diabetes/pyramid.gif – Level of nutrients adequate for ½ individuals in group – Always lower than RDA – Good target for average intake of a group
