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What happens when things go wrong? Sometimes a permanent change occurs in a cells DNA. This is called a mutation. There are three main types of mutations: substitutions, deletions, and insertions. Substitution A substitution is when one base is replaced for another. THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT vs. THE FAT CCT ATE THE RAT **Where did the substitution occur? Substitution A substitution is when one base is replaced for another. THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT vs. THE FAT CCT ATE THE RAT Deletion A deletion is when one base is removed. THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT vs. TEF ATC ATA TET HER AT **Which base was deleted? Deletion A deletion is when one base is removed. THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT vs. TEF ATC ATA TET HER AT Insertion An insertion is when one base is added. THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT vs. THE EFA TCA TAT ETH ERA T **Which base was inserted? Insertion An insertion is when one base is added. THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT vs. THE EFA TCA TAT ETH ERA T What are the causes? What are the effects? Mutations can be caused by 1. Environmental factors 2. Mistakes in the body 3. Inheritance Mutations can be 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Neutral. Sometimes certain mutations are associated with diseases and disorders (can lead to various cancers). Substitution A substitution is when one base is replaced for another. THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT vs. THE FAT CCT ATE THE RAT Deletion A deletion is when one base is removed. THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT vs. TEF ATC ATA TET HER AT Insertion An insertion is when one base is added. THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT vs. THE EFA TCA TAT ETH ERA T Insert the DNA base âTâ between the two underlined letters. Then, change the DNA to RNA and determine the amino acid sequence using the amino acid table. Original DNA: T A C GGA CGA TCT CAG GAG CCT ATA ATC Mutated DNA: T A C G G A CGA TCT CAG GAG CCT ATT AATC Mutated RNA: A U G C C U GCU AGA GUC CUC GGA UAA UUAG Mutated a.a.âs: Met Pro Ala Arg Val Leu Gly STOP Original a.a.âs: Met Pro Ala Arg Val Leu Gly Tyr STOP Is the mutated amino acid sequence the same as the original amino acid sequence? Will the body receive the same message as it was intended to?